ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
  • ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
undefined
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23 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืšืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš

ืกื•ื›ื•ืช






ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื: ืืชืจื•ื’, ืœื•ืœื‘, ื”ื“ืก ื•ืขืจื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืž): "ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ืขึตืฅ ื”ึธื“ึธืจ ื›ึผึทืคึผึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึทืขึฒื ึทืฃ ืขึตืฅ ืขึธื‘ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทืจึฐื‘ึตื™ ื ึธื—ึทืœ, ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื". ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ืขึตืฅ ื”ึธื“ึธืจ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจื•ื’, ื›ึผึทืคึผึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึธืจึดื™ื - ืœื•ืœื‘, ืขึฒื ึทืฃ ืขึตืฅ ืขึธื‘ึนืช - ื”ื“ืก, ื•ืขึทืจึฐื‘ึตื™ ื ึธื—ึทืœ - ืขืจื‘ื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื”, ื, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื, ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืžืฉื ื”).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• 'ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘', ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: "ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘".
ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื): "ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ". ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืกื•ืง: "ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื". ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ืœื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืคืื™ื ืืช ืžื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื, ื).
ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืชืจื•ื’ ืื—ื“, ืœื•ืœื‘ ืื—ื“, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื“ืก, ื•ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืคื™ ืขืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืก ืื—ื“ ื•ืขืจื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื ื, ื). 1
ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ - ืคืกื•ืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื: ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืฉื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืืชื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช: ื–, ื—, ื˜, ื™ื‘; ื”ืขืจื•ืช: 4, 6).

ื‘ - ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื–, ื). ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœืื’ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื ื˜ืœื ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื ื, ื™ื‘, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”, ื‘).
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช - ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ (ื“ืงืœ-ืชืžืจ), ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช - ื”ื“ืก ื•ืขืจื‘ื”, ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืฉื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื ืขื–ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืจืš ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ืขืค"ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื–, ื; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฆื‘, ื; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืืžื•ืจ; ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืืช ื”ืœ' ืœื•ืœื‘).
ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ืœ, ื™ื‘) ืฉืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ (ื“ืงืœ-ืชืžืจ) ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื™ื—, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื”ื“ืก ืฉืจื™ื—ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื, ืจื•ืžื– ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืœื ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื ืจื™ื—, ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจืš ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. "ืžื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื? ืœืื‘ื“ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ! ืืœื ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: ื™ื•ืงืฉืจื• ื›ื•ืœื ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ืืœื•". ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: "ืื ืขืฉื™ืชื ื›ืš, ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืœื”", ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืขืžื•ืก ื˜, ื•): "ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนื ึถื” ื‘ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืžึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึทืึฒื’ึปื“ึผึธืชื•ึน ืขึทืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึฐืกึธื“ึธื”ึผ".
ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”: ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช, ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืขื™ืžื” (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ืœ, ื˜-ื™ื).

ื’ - ืจืžื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ืฉืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจื• ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืืžื ื ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘, ืœืจืžื•ื– ืขืœ ืžืขืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ืžื ื”.
ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื›ื“ ื™ื—ื“. ืื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ืขืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ื•ืขืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•). ื’ื ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื”, ื‘): "ืžื” ืชืžืจ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืœื‘ ืื—ื“, ืืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืœื ืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื". ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ืœ, ื™ื): "ื›ืคื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื• ืžืืœื•". ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืจื•ืžื– ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžื’ืžืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืื—ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืจืžื– ื–ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืกื“, ื; ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื” ืฉื).
ื”ื”ื“ืก ืจื•ืžื– ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื“ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื’, ื), ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžืชื’ืœื” ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื• ื•ืจื‘ื• ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื“ืก ืจื•ืžื– ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืœืื” ืืžื ื•: "ืžื” ื”ื“ืก ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื", ื•"ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื” ืจื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื" (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ืœ, ื™). ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื, ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขืœื” ื–ื•.
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืขืžื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ืœื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื— ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืืช ื”'ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ' ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื, ืฉืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื ื• ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื• ืžืืจืฆื ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ืœ, ื™), ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืจื—ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืจื—ืœ ืืžื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืชื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืš ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืจื—ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืœืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืจืง ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘, ื‘).
ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื™ืขื•ื“ื•, ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'.

ื“ - ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื
ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืœื ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™). 'ืขื ืฃ ืขืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืช' ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืก ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื“ืก ืฉื•ื˜ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆืคืฆืคื”.
ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™: ื ืฉืชื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื•. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื• ื”ื“ืก ื•ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืฉืจื• ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™, ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืงืจื 'ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ' ืื• 'ื›ืคื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ื' ืื• 'ืขื ืฃ ืขืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืช' ืื• 'ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืœ' (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช: ื–, ื—, ื˜, ื™ื‘). ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืจ , ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ืื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื ืคืกืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื“ืจ ืคืกื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ืจื"ืฉ).
ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื—ืกืจ . ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืžื‘ืฉืจื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื); ื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื—ืœืงื” ืชื™ื•ืžืชื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•). ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกืœ ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื“, ื‘, ืชื•ืก' 'ืฉืชื”ื'; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœื•, ื‘, 'ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืŸ').
ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืคืกืœ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืชื— ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘): "ื–ึถื” ืึตืœึดื™ ื•ึฐืึทื ึฐื•ึตื”ื•ึผ", ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœื’, ื‘): "ื”ืชื ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช; ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื”, ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ ื ืื”" (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื“). ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื— ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš.
ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ืคืกืœ ืžื—ืžืช 'ื”ื“ืจ' ืื• 'ื—ืกืจ' (ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™), ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื• ืฉื ื—ืœืงื” ืชื™ื•ืžืชื•. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืฃ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืชื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื. 2
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืžืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื–ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืคืกื•ืœ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ืคืกืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื˜, ื’).

ื” - ืœื•ืœื‘
ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ืจืชื•. ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจืง ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ืจืชื• ืฆืžื—ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ืขืจื•ื - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื’).
ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื“ืจืชื•. ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืžืขืœื™ื• - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื“).
ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื“ืงืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื“ืจืชื. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื ื™ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื“ืงืœ, ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื 'ื—ืจื™ื•ืช'.
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื“ืจืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื•ืข. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื’ื“ื ื•ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื ืœืฉื“ืจื” - ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉ'ื ืคืจื“ื• ืขืœื™ื•'. ื•ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื”ืชืงืฉื•, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื’ื“ื ื•ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื ืœืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉ'ื ืคืจืฆื• ืขืœื™ื•' (ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื˜, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื-ื‘).
ื”ืชืขืงื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื’ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ - ืคืกื•ืœ. ื”ืชืขืงื ืคื—ื•ืช - ื›ืฉืจ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจ. ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืชืขืงื ื›ืžื’ืœ, ืื ื”ืขื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื“ืจืชื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื—).
ื ื›ืคืคื” ืฉื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื˜). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื ื ื›ืคืคื• ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ (ื˜"ื–, ืž"ื‘ ืž-ืžื). ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ืคืฃ ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืช 'ื•' - ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ืคืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ืขืžื•ืง ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ื›ืคืชื•ืจ, ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ (ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื), ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืชื™ื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ืคืชื—ืช (ืจื"ืฉ). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื•ืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื˜, ืž"ื‘ ืžื‘).

ื• - ื ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช
ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ื•ืขืœื” ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ืชื™ื•ืžืช', ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื›ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื 'ื—ืจื™ื•ืช', ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืคืชื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื‘. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”'ืชื™ื•ืžืช', ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช ื ืคืชื—ื”, ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืœื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืœื‘, ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื ื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ืžื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช 'ื ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช': ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืงื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื - ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ (ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื” ื”'ืชื™ื•ืžืช' ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื, ืื ื ื—ืœืงื” ืจื•ื‘ ืชื™ื•ืžืชื• - ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ (ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ). ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืœื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืชื™ื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืชื—ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื ื—ืœืงื” ืชื™ื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื ืคืชื—, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ื™ืคื”, ื›ืš ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืคื” ืฉืขืœื”ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฆืžื•ืง ืฉืขืœื”ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—, ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžืœื”ื™ืคืกืœ.
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช ืชืฉืืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืคืจื“ื• ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ืฉืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืžื”, ื˜ื•; ืคืž"ื’ ืžืฉื‘"ื– ื“).
ื™ืฉ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• 'ืงื•ืจื', ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื” ื—ื•ื ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”'ืงื•ืจื' ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื 'ืงื•ืจื', ื•ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืš: ื”ืื—ื“, ืœื“ืขืชื ื”'ืงื•ืจื' ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ'ืงื•ืจื' ืจื•ื‘ื• ืคืชื•ื—, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ื•ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ. ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื™, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืกื›ืก ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืขื ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ 'ืงื•ืจื' ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืกื›ืก ื‘ื•. 3

ื– - ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืงื ืจื™
ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืงื˜ืžื• ืื• ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื• ื ืงื˜ื - ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืž"ื ืชืจืžื”, ื•). ืื ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืœื”, ื•ื’ื ืื ื ื—ืจืš ืื• ื ื—ืชืš, ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ.
ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•, ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืง - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื”).
ืื•ืจืš ืฉื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื›-32 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 25.3 ืก"ืž. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ (ืž"ื ืชืจืขื‘, ื’). 4
ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืงื ืจื™, ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ืขืœ ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืงืœ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืงืœ ื”ืงื ืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื“ืจืชื• ืจื›ื” ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืฆื‘ืขื• ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื.
ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืงืœ ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื— ืชืžืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ (ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—, ื›ื‘; ืจืฉื–"ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืงืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” 'ื›ืคื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ื' (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื“, ืงื›ื’). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฃ ืฉืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืงืœ ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ืงืœ ืงื ืจื™. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืงื ืจื™. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.

ื— - ื”ื“ืก
ืขึฒื ึทืฃ ืขึตืฅ ืขึธื‘ึนืช ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ื”ื“ืก ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืขื”, ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืขื ืฃ ืขื‘ื”. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืงืŸ ืื—ื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” 'ืขึฒื ึทืฃ ืขึตืฅ ืขึธื‘ึนืช', ืืœื 'ื”ื“ืก ืฉื•ื˜ื”' ืฉืคืกื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื‘, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื•, ื’). ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืกื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงืŸ ื•ืงืŸ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. 5
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื ืฃ - ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื›-24 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 19 ืก"ืž. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ืฃ, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” - ื›ืฉืจ, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื˜ืคื— (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื , ื-ื‘; ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”, ื‘).
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื ื–ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืก ืคืกื•ืœ (ื’ืื•ื ื™ื). ืืžื ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื”ื”ื“ืก ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ืจืื‘"ื“, ืจื"ืฉ, ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื•, ื”). ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืืจื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื›ืฉืจ; ื•ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื”ื”ื“ืก ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื‘"ื—; ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืจืžื•, ื˜, ืกื•ื“"ื” 'ื•ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื'). 6
ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืก ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆื‘ืขื ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืื“ื•ื ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืก ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื”ื“ืก ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื - ื”ื”ื“ืก ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ืžื ื•ืžืจ. ื•ืื ืœื™ืงื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื - ื—ื–ืจ ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžืชืงืŸ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื’, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื•, ื‘, ื™ื).
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื“ืก ืขื ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืชื›ื (ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืจืžื•, ืœื•).
ื ืงื˜ื ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืก, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื“ืก ืื—ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืก ืงื˜ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ (ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ืจื–"ื”). ื•ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืก ืื—ืจ, ื™ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืก ื™ืกืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืงื˜ื™ืžืช ื”ืขื ืฃ, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื•, ื™; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืœื‘).
ื”ื“ืก ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžืฉื• - ื›ืฉืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื ืคืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื•ื ืกืชืœืง ืžื”ื ืžืจืื” ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื• ืคื ื™ื”ื - ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ืื ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืก ื‘ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื•, ื•-ื–, ืž"ื‘ ื›).

ื˜ - ืขืจื‘ื”
ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”: ื) ืขืœื” ืฉืœื” ืžืฉื•ืš ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื›ืžื• ื ื—ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช. ื‘) ืฉืคืช ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืœื” ื—ืœืง. ื’) ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœื” ืื“ื•ื ืžืขื˜, ื•ื’ื ืื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื• ื™ืจื•ืง, ืกื•ืคื• ืœื”ืื“ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆืคืฆืคื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•: ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืœื• ืžืื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืคืช ืขืœื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœื• ื™ืจื•ืง. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืฉืคืช ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง, ืืœื ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืฆืคื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื’, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื–, ื).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ื—ืœื™ื, ื ืงืจื ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” 'ืขึทืจึฐื‘ึตื™ ื ึธื—ึทืœ', ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื”, ื’ื ืื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ.
ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื ืฃ - ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื›-24 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 19 ืก"ืž (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช 4, 6). ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ืฃ, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” - ื›ืฉืจ, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืคื— (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื , ื-ื‘; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”, ื‘).
ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื•ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืกืชืœืง ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื - ืคืกื•ืœื”. ื•ืื ื›ืžืฉื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื–, ื‘). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื’. ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืชืŸ ื‘ื ืจืชื™ืง ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื˜ื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’.
ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื ืฉืจื• - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืœืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื ืชืœืฉื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื–, ื‘).
ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืงื˜ื ืจืืฉื” - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” 'ื”ื“ืจ', ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืงื˜ื ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื - ื›ืฉืจื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืžื–, ื™).

ื™ - ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื
ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ืขึตืฅ ื”ึธื“ึธืจ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืชืจื•ื’, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืžื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื™ืจืงืจืงื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื.
ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฅ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืงื• ื•ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืฉื—ืฉ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ื”, ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง, ืฉืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืฆืžื— ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืคืกื•ืœ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ (ืจืž"ื, ืž"ื, ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืื—ืจ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ). ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคื™ื˜ื, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืคื™ื˜ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื. ื•ื™ืฉ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืคื™ื˜ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื”ื‘ืฉืจื™, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื”ืขืฆื™. ื™ืฉื ื• ืจื™ืกื•ืก ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืชื•, ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืจื™, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
ืžืจืื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื”ื‘ืฉืจื™ ื›ืžืจืื” ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืฉื•ืฉื ืชื, ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื— ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืขืฅ. ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื”ื‘ืฉืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื• ื›ืชื ืฉืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคื•ืกืœ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืฉื ืชื, ืื ื ื™ื˜ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื” - ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื ื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื - ื›ืฉืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™, ื–-ื˜).
ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื”ืขืฆื™ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื›ืœื•ื - ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ืื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื–; ืž"ื‘ ืœ).
ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืฆื” ื”ืขื ืฃ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœืขืฅ, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ื’ืœื”, ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื—ืกืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžื‘ืฉืจื•. ื•ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื—; ืž"ื‘ ืœื’).

ื™ื - ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืชืžื™ื
ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ืงื‘ ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืžื ื• ื—ืœืง, ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืž): "ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ", ืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื - ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืชืžื” - ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืžื ื• ื—ืœืง - ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ืคื’ืข ืžืงื•ืฅ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืžื ื• ื—ืœืง, ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ื—ืกืจ, ืื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื”, ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื‘; ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื, ื-ื“).
ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืคืฆืข ืžื•ื’ืœืชื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ - ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ืจืื” ืžื ื•ืžืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืขืœืชื” ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืชืจื•ื’, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื‘ืืชืจื•ื’, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ - ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคืกื•ืœ. ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ื›ืš ื’ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื˜-ื™ื’, ื˜ื–). ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืกืœื•ืช ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. 7
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชืžื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืฆื‘ืขื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืืคื•ืจ ืื• ื—ื•ื, ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื (ื‘ืœืื˜ืœืขืš), ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืชืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื ืคื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื” ืงืœื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื” ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืื—"ื› ื ื’ืœื“ ืขืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืœืคื ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืžื—, ื ; ื ื’). ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืœืคื, ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืืžื ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ.
ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ืงื˜ืฃ, ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ื” ืงืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืคืฆืข ื•ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื›ืชื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื. ื•ืืžื ื ื›ืชื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื‘ืคืฉืชืŸ ืื• ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ ืกืคื•ื’ื™. ื•ืื ืื™ืจืข ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื›ื”, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืคื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ, ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืชืžืชื•.

ื™ื‘ - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’
ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื—ื•ืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื™ื–). ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ื›ืจืชื™ (ื™ืจื•ืง-ืฉื—ื•ืจ) - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืคืจื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื ื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื™ืฆื”ื™ื‘ ืžืขื˜, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื• ื›ืจืชื™ - ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื›ื). ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ืชื•ื - ื›ืฉืจ (ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงืฆื™ืขื” ืชืจืžื—).
ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืจืœื” ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืขืœื™ื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื•ืœื‘ ื—, ื‘).
ืืชืจื•ื’ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื ืคื— ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ื›-50 ืกืž"ืง - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืคืจื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกืจ - ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืชื• - ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื›ื‘). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคื— ืฉืœ 100 ืกืž"ืง. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ืœื›ื” ืืชืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 50 ืกืž"ืง ื›ืฉืจ (ืค"ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, 11), ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ.
ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื“ืจ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื, ื; ืœื“, ื‘). ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ืœื™ื—ื”, ืฉืื ื™ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื˜, ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื). ื•ื›ืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ (ืจืž"ื ืฉื). ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉืžืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื”, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื• ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจ (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื—).
ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืจืช ืืชืจื•ื’ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื’ื•ืœ ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ืื• ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช - ืคืกื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื ื›ืชืื•ืžื™ื - ื›ืฉืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืจืช ืืชืจื•ื’ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื™ื—-ื›).

ื™ื’ - ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื’ื–ื•ืœ
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืž): "ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ", ืœึธื›ึถื - ืžืฉืœื›ื, ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื–ื” ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื–ื” ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ.
ื•ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืชืงืœื”, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื•, ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ "ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ". ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืชื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื—"ื› ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื•ืื–ื™ ืื ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™, ื”ืžืชื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื ื—, ื’-ื“).
ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืชืช ืžืชื ื”. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ืœืงื˜ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉืื ื™ืชื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืชื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื ื—, ื•. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”, ื•, 5).
ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื–ื•ืœ ืื• ื’ื ื•ื‘, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื• 'ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื”'. ื•ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืื• ืžื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื–ื•ืœ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื–ื•ืœ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ืžื ืืฅ (ื‘"ืง ืฆื“, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื˜, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื•). 8
ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืœื•ืœื‘, ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืœืื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื–ืœืŸ, ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ื— ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื•. ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื• (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืžื˜, ื”). ื•ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื•, ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืช (ืž"ื‘ ืœื“).

ื™ื“ - ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘): "ื–ึถื” ืึตืœึดื™ ื•ึฐืึทื ึฐื•ึตื”ื•ึผ" - "ื”ืชื ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช; ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื”, ืœื•ืœื‘ ื ืื”, ืฉื•ืคืจ ื ืื”, ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื ืื”, ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื ืื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ืœืฉืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื ืื”, ื‘ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก ื ืื”, ื‘ืœื‘ืœืจ ืื•ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจืื™ืŸ ื ืื™ืŸ" (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœื’, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”' ืืช ืžื ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืื ื• ื•ืžื—ืœื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืงื™ืžืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“, ื’-ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื–, ื™-ื™ื).
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ื‘"ืง ื˜, ื). ืฉืื ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืœืš ืœืฉื•ืง ื•ืžืฆื ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ, ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจื•. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•.
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ืกื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ืกื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืงืœื™ื. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื˜ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืื” ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจื•.
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ื“ื—ื•ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉ (ื™ืฉ"ืฉ, ืž"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื ื•, ื•). ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื“ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ื—ื•ืœ. 9



^ 1.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื“, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค, ื•ืžื”ื: ื‘ื”"ื’, ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื ื, ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืฉื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืก ืื—ื“ ื•ืขืจื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจืž"ื, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™"ื ืฉื’ื ื™ื‘ืจืš (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ื•), ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš, ื•ืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ.
^ 2.. ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื, ื: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื (ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืฉืจ). ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืจืื™ื”". ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉ. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืฉื›ื— ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืชื•. ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื˜, ื•. ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืขืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืคืกืœื• ืžื—ืžืช 'ื”ื“ืจ' ืื• 'ื—ืกืจ', ื•ืžื”ื: ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืืช; ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืขื’; ืจ"ืช; ืจื™"ื“; ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ; ืžื ื”ื™ื’; ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื‘, ืชืจื ื’; ืจื"ืฉ (ื’, ื™ื“); ืกืž"ื’, ืื•"ื– ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ืž"ื, ื"ืจ, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืžื˜, ื ื—.
^ 3.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื: ืจ"ื—, ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืชื™ื•ืžืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื”, ื’. ื•ืœืจื‘ ืคืœื˜ื•ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื” ืชื™ื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืืœื ืฉื™"ื ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื—ืœืง (ืจืž"ื, ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ, ื—"ื, ื—ื–ื•"ืข). ื•ื™"ื ืฉืื ื ื—ืœืง ืจื•ื‘ื• ืคืกื•ืœ (ืจ"ืŸ, ื™ืฉ"ืฉ, ื‘"ื—, ื’ืจ"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืžื”, ื™ื˜). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื”: ืœื˜"ื– ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ืคืชื— ื˜ืคื—, ื•ืœื—"ื ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจ"ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืชื— ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื•ืž"ืž ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘.
ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืจืžื”, ื˜, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 'ืงื•ืจื', ื’ื ืื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ื”'ืงื•ืจื' ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื—, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘'ืงื•ืจื' ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ืขื 'ืงื•ืจื' ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื•ืœืžืืž"ืจ ืชืจืžื”, ื“, ื”'ืงื•ืจื' ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื–ื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื 'ืงื•ืจื' (ื—ื–ื•"ื, ื—ื–ื•"ืข, ืคืก"ืช ืชืจืžื”, 13). ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื›ืกื›ื•ืก ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืขื ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื 'ืงื•ืจื' (ื‘ื›ื•ืจ"ื™ ืชืจืžื”, ื‘). ื•ืœืฉื•"ืข (ืชืจื ื, ื˜), ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื›ืก.
^ 4.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื‘, ื‘), ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ื“' ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ืชื•ืก', ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจ"ืŸ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืช"ืง, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“' ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืชืจื , ื) ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื›ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ืคื— ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืœืจ"ื— ื ืื” 8 ืก"ืž, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 32 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 26.6 ืก"ืž. ื•ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื˜ืคื— - 7.6 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” 30.4 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 25.3 ืก"ืž. ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจ"ื— ื ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื’ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืžื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™. (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, 1. ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืœื ื•"ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ื•"ื, ืœืคื™ื• ื˜ืคื— ื”ื™ื ื• 9.6 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” 38.4 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 32 ืก"ืž).
^ 5.. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ื—ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื—, ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืชื ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืฉืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื - ื›ืฉืจ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืขืœื” ืขืฆืžื• ืจื—ื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืœื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืืชื•.
^ 6.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 4, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจ"ื— ื ืื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื 24 ืก"ืž. ื•ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš 22.8 ืก"ืž, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง 19 ืก"ืž (ื•ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•"ื 28.8 ืก"ืž). ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื ืฃ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ืจืง ืžืžืงื•ื ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ. ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงืŸ ื•ื ืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืงืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืจื"ื”, ืจื™"ื•, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืœื™ื (ืจ"ืŸ ื•ื‘"ื™), ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ (ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืจืžื•, ื›ื).
^ 7.. ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ืคืกื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจ (ื’ืจ"ื ืชืจืžื˜, ื”), ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื˜, ื”, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืกืœืช ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื”ืจืž"ื, ืคื•ืกืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“). ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื”ืจืž"ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืฉื—ืกืจ ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืคึผึฐืกื•ึผืœ, ื ืฉืืจ ืคืกื•ืœ. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจื•ื”"ืค, ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืœื—. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื˜"ื– ืชืจืžื˜, ื˜, ื•ืคืž"ื’, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ืคืกื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื“ืจ ืื• ื—ืกืจ, ื•ืื ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืกืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื”. ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืžื˜, ืžื˜, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื ื’.
^ 8.. ื‘ื’ืž' ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื˜, ื‘, ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื‘ื”"ื’, ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืื‘"ื“, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื"ื”, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืืžื ื ืœืจื–"ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืกื•ืœื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืžื˜, ื; ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“). ื•ืื ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื™ืฆื ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื’ื–ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ ื”ืงื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื• (ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช), ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื ื’ื–ืœ (ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ื›ืกืคื™), ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”.
^ 9.. ื‘ื‘"ืง ื˜, ื, ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืœื’ื™ื• (ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื) ืื• ืžืœื‘ืจ (ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ). ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืœื’ื™ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘-60 โ‚ช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ 20 โ‚ช, ื•ืœืงื ื•ืชื• ื‘-80 โ‚ช. ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืœื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืœืฉื ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ 90 โ‚ช, ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืžืœื‘ืจ (ืจ"ื—, ืจ"ืŸ ืจืื‘"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“), ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืงื•ืœื - ืžืœื’ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื‘"ื™, ืชืจื ื•, ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืกืคืง ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืœื’ื™ื•.
ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืงื ื” ื™ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืงื ื” ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื ื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ (ื’ืจ"ื ืขืค"ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™; ืž"ื‘ ื”; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื‘).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
  • ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
  • ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื

    ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื‘
  • ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื•
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื•

    ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉืข"ื
  • ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ืžื ื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ืžื ื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืข"ื“
ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช
    40 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช

    ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื” - ื–

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืงื”: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืŸ
    36 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืงื”: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืŸ

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืช. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืจื•ื‘, ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชื "ืš: ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
    48 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื "ืš

    ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชื "ืš: ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื "ืš, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืืœื•ืงื™ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืกืงืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

    ื™"ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ืืจืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš
    28 ื“ืง'
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ื”ืืจืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”"ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” โ€“ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื“ื•ื“ โ€“ ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ืืœื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื“ืจืš ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื™"ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืคืฉ
    45 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืคืฉ

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื–, ื– | ืคืจืง ื—, ื’'

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืžืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช
    1:03
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ืœืš ืœืš
    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ืœืš ืœืš

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 623

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 623

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื

    ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื | ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” - ื ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื | ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” โ€“ ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื | ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” | ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” | ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš โ€“ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื
    34 ื“ืง'
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš โ€“ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื

    ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืคืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื–
    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื–

    ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”. ืœืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื ื’ื ืžืœืžื˜ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื ืœืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืžื” ืฉืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผื” ืึตื“ึทืข ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื™ืจึธืฉึถืื ึธึผื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืช. ืื™ืš ืžืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืกื• ื–) ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืžืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืงืœืงืœ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช.

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืืžืจ ืœืš ืœืš ืคื–
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ืžืืžืจ ืœืš ืœืš ืคื–

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื
    27 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ืœืš ืœืš - ื—ืœืง ื'

    ืชืจืข"ื˜ - ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื ื’ื“ื•. ื›ื›ื” ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื•ื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื™ืคืจื“ื• ืžื”ืจืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื˜
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื˜

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ืœืš ืœืš - ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืžืฆื“ืงื•ืชื•. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื ื•ืฆื—ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” - ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช!
    ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืค"ื–

    ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” - ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช!

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช | ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื’
    30 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื’

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”
    56 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื

    ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืช "ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช", ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืง ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื˜' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ
    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

    ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ

    ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” - 3

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืคืชื— ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ื—' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ?
    ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืค"ื–

    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช | ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il