ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
  • ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื‘ืช
  • ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
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12 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืšืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ื”ืงื“ืžื”
ืžืœืื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•. ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื“ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืกืงืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ, ืœื–ืจื•ืข, ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืœื–ืžื•ืจ ืขื ืคื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•. ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฆืžื—ื”, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืช. ื•ืืฃ ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื, ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืœื—ื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืจืงื“, ืœืœื•ืฉ ื•ืœืืคื•ืช.
ื•ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ื, ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื ื—ืช ื•ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืœืฉื“ื”ื• ื•ืงื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ื•ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืคื‘, ื). ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืคืฅ, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉื“ื”ื• ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื•. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืœ, ื‘) ืฉื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื™ืฆืžื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื ืื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื’, ื™ื–-ื™ื˜): "ืึฒืจื•ึผืจึธื” ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจึถืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืฆึผึธื‘ื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึนืื›ึฒืœึถื ึผึธื” ื›ึผึนืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ. ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืฅ ื•ึฐื“ึทืจึฐื“ึผึทืจ ืชึผึทืฆึฐืžึดื™ื—ึท ืœึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐืึธื›ึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื”. ื‘ึผึฐื–ึตืขึทืช ืึทืคึผึถื™ืšึธ ืชึผึนืื›ึทืœ ืœึถื—ึถื ืขึทื“ ืฉืื•ึผื‘ึฐืšึธ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”...".
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืชื— ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื• ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื, ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื–ื•ืจืข, ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ืงื•ืฆืจ, ืžืขืžืจ, ื“ืฉ, ื–ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื•ืจืจ, ื˜ื•ื—ืŸ, ืžืจืงื“, ืœืฉ ื•ืื•ืคื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™: ืฆื“, ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื•ืžืคืฉื™ื˜. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ (ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืื•ืคื”) ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื ื•, ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื”.

ื‘ - ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ
ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืื›ืœ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืืคื™ื” ืื• ืฆืœื™ื™ื”. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื ืืฉ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืžืชืจื›ืš ื•ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ืขื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืจื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœื™ื™ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื ืžืจื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื’ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื›ืœื ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฆื•ื ื ื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื˜, ื’; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืฉื™ื—, ืงื™ื“).
ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืืฉ ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืžื ื‘ืืฉ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžื—ืžื ืžื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื” ื•ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืžื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื—, ื’, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื–. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ืžื” ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื”).
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื’ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ื ื‘).
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื ืงื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ: ื) ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘) ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื“ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉ (ืœื—ืชื•ืช ื‘ื’ื—ืœื™ื). ื’) ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
ื) ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืื›ืœ ืžืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ ืœืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ืขื ืคื™ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’-ื™ื’).
ื‘) ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉ, ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืกื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคืœื˜ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืืฉ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื“-ื™ื–).
ื’) ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉ, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืžืื›ืœ ืงืจ ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื—-ื›ื. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ื”ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื˜ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืืกื•ืจื”).

ื’ - ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืืกื•ืจ, ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชืจ
ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืคืชื—ื ื•ืžืฉื›ืœืœื, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื‘ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจืื• ื”', ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”.
ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“: ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืžืื›ืœ ื—ื™ ืœืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืžื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ื— ืืช ื˜ืขืžื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•: "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื™ื: ืžืชื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ. ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื ืœื - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ืžื•ืžื•.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืื•ืœื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ. ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื—, ื“). ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•. ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืžื• ื•ืชื–ืจื– ืืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉื ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžื’ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ืื ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ืžื›ืกื” ื”ืกื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืกื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืกื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื• ืžืงืจื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ืžื›ืกื”ื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื•ื’ืจื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืžื’ื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื™ืฉืชื‘ื—, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื—ืžืžื• (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื‘ืฉืœ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื—). ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืžื•. (ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”-ื•).
ื—ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื• ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืกื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•. ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœืŸ, ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืกื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•. 1

ื“ - ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•
ืžื•ืฉื’ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื "ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•", ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฉืœ. ืืœื ืฉืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•, ื”ืื ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›-71 ืžืขืœื•ืช; ืื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช, ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื ืœื ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›-45 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืกืคืง, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืื›ืœ ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžื• 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืื›ืœ ื—ื™ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœื” (ืฉืฉ"ื› ื, ื).
ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื—ื•ืžื ืžื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื, ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ". ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื”, ืื ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื, ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื—ืžื ืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœ-71 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” - ืžื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืžื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-71 ืžืขืœื•ืช - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืชื—ืžืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ". ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 44 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืงื” ืื• ืžืื›ืœ, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืชื• ืื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื•ืžื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืชื• ืื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืžื• ื›ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ืžืžื• (ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ืฉ"ื‘ ื‘ื ื”; ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืงืฆื–; ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื’ ื›ื“, ื“-ื•). ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•. 2
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ืื“ื ื•ื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ืžืžื• ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืžื ื™ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืชื—ืžืžื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื—, ื™ื“). 3

ื” - ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื
ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจืจ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืœื ืชืจืื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื—).
ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžืจืง ื•ืจื˜ื‘ื™ื. ืžืื›ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื”ื• - ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืฆืง. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืจืง ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื—ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืจืง ืžื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ืœื—ืžืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื‘ืฉืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื—).
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจื"ืฉ, ืกืž"ื’ ื•ืกืž"ืง, ืจืง ืขืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื—ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ", ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื, ืื ื”ืชืงืจืจื•, ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื, ืฉื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืื• ื”ืืคื•ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืœื—ื ื—ื ืื• ืงืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื’ ืื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืื ื”ื ื—ืžื™ื ืื• ืงืจื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื˜ืขืžื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืื• ื”ืืคื•ื™ - ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืชืงืจืจื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืง ืงืจ ืœืžืจืง ื—ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื” ืื• ืงืคื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืื• ื—ืžื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืจืจ - ื”ืžื—ืžื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ื‘'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš' (ืฉื™ื—, ื“) ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืจืจ, ื•ื—ื•ืžื• ื™ืจื“ ืžื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ืœื—ืžืžื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืง ืžื”ืคืœื˜ื”, ื•ื—ื•ืžื• ื™ืจื“ ืžื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืคืœื˜ื”. ื•ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืžื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• (ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื˜), ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•.
ื•ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื™ืจ ื”ืงืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื’ื ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื•ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื“ื, ื•ืœืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื• ื“ื’ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง. 4
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืงืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžืžื• (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื™ื—, ืง; ื›ื”"ื— ืงื ื—). ืืžื ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื (ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืจื"ืฉ), ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืžื•ืฆืง ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’, ื™ื). ื•ืื ื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื˜ืคืœ ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง, ื’ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™.

ื• - ืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ" ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืจืจื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•.
ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืœื• ืžืจืง ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืชื—. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื˜ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
ื•ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืž"ื, ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ืฉืื ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืจืจ ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื• ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืž"ื ืคืกืง ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื—ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ", ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื•, ืื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. 5
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื• ื”ืจืž"ื ืžืชืืจื— ืืฆืœ ืชื™ืžื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจืง ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืืจื— ืžื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ื—ื™ืžืžื•. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืืจื— ื ื”ื’ ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื• (ืข' ืž"ื‘ ืฉื™ื—, ื‘).
ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื• ื”ืจืž"ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื—ืžื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืจืง, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ืืžื ื ืื ื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื— ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื• ื•ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืžืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœืžืืจื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•.


^ 1.. ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืกืž"ื’, ืกืž"ืง, ื”ื’ื”"ืž, ืื•"ื–, ืจื™ื‘"ื ื•ื˜ื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืœื ื ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืžืื™ืจื™, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 14), ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ". ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉื™ื—, ื“), ืฉืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. (ื•ืœื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื™ื—, ื“, 'ืืคื™ืœื•', ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืื™, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื•ืœืื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื” ื–, ืกืงื˜"ื–, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ). ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ื’ืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืื™ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ 'ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืช' ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื•, ื”).
ื—ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขื•ืฃ: ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœื ื ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืฉืžืชืจื›ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื’ืžืจื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ (ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•, ืฉืฉ"ื› ื, ื›). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื›ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื• (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื“, ืขื•, ืขื–. ื•ื›"ื› ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื—, ืขื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
^ 2.. ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื“ ืขื“, ื’, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 43 ืœ-71 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—"ื‘ ืœ, ื™ื‘, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 40 ืœ-80 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘-40 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื—, ื™ื“. ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ืชื” ื—ื ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ื ืฉืœ 80 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื, ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืจืฉื–"ื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ 'ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช': ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืื• ืฉืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื. ืž"ืž ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 45 - ืœ-71 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื”ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ืค"ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื™ื–, ืงื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืื—"ื› ื ืชืงืจืจื•, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืœืจืชื™ื—ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”-ื•).
^ 3.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ืžืžื• ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ืื•ืœื ืžื ื’ื“, ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื•ื”"ืค, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื—, ื™ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืงืจ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืจืง ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืžื ืžืขื˜, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉื’ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™. ื•ื"ื› ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ: ื) ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘) ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ื’ืจืข"ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืช ื—ืŸ ื ื. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื, ื™ื’; ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื‘ ื™, ื”; ื•ืืจื—"ืฉ ื, ื™ื—, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืงืœ. ืž"ืž ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืงืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช, ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจืชื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืจืง ืืœื ืจืง ืœื—ืžืžื• ืžืขื˜.
^ 4.. ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื—, ื˜ื•, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืžืจืง, ืืฃ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ืฉ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืžื• ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืž"ื‘ ืฉื™ื—, ืกืขื™ืคื™ื: ืœื‘, ืœื˜, ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืก. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื—"ื‘ ืœ, ื™ื’, ื‘ื”ืขืจื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืœืจื‘ ืžืฉืืฉ ืื•"ื— ื”. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืคืž"ื’ ื‘ืžืฉื‘"ื– ืจื ื’, ื™ื’, ืžื™ืงืœ ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืžืง ื•ืจืข ืœื•, ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื’ื ื‘ืœื— ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืžื ื—ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื•, ืžื—. (ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื—, ื ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืชื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืž' ื™ื– ืœื’ืจืข"ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืชื™ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกืžื™ืš). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ, ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืคื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื˜ืคื™ื—, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ืืกื•ืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื•ื”"ืฉ ืงื›ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ื”"ืฉ ืœื–, ื•ื‘ืก' ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืž' ืงืžื-ืงืžื“). ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉืื ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืžืžื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื” (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ, ืฉืž"ืฉ ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื, ื—).
^ 5.. ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื ืฉืžืช ืื“ื ื›ืœืœ ื›, ื—, ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื•"ื ืื•"ื— ืœื–, ื™ื’, ื•ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื“ ืขื“, ื‘. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืงืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื•ื™"ื, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืื ื”ืžืจืง ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื ืจื ื’, ืœื–; ืชื”ืœ"ื“ ืœื’). ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื• ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื• ื›ืžืื›ืœ ื—ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ, ืืš ืื ื”ืชืงืจืจ ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื, ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. (ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื• ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืื™, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ืก"ืง ื™ื“. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืก' ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืข' ืงืœื• ื•ืข' ืงืคื‘).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
  • ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” - ืœื ืคื” ื•ืœื ืฉื
    58 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

    ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” - ืœื ืคื” ื•ืœื ืฉื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืจืง ื‘'

    ื˜"ื– ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉืข"ื
  • ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ

    ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
  • ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
  • ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
  • ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช
    40 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช

    ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื” - ื–

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืงื”: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืŸ
    36 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืงื”: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืŸ

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืช. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืจื•ื‘, ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชื "ืš: ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
    48 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื "ืš

    ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชื "ืš: ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื "ืš, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืืœื•ืงื™ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืกืงืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

    ื™"ื ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ืืจืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš
    28 ื“ืง'
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ื”ืืจืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”"ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” โ€“ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื“ื•ื“ โ€“ ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ืืœื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื“ืจืš ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื™"ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืคืฉ
    45 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืคืฉ

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื–, ื– | ืคืจืง ื—, ื’'

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืžืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช
    1:03
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ืœืš ืœืš
    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ืœืš ืœืš

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 623

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 623

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื

    ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื | ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” - ื ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื | ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” โ€“ ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื | ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” | ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” | ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš โ€“ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื
    34 ื“ืง'
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš โ€“ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื

    ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืคืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื–
    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ืชืฉืคื–

    ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”. ืœืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื ื’ื ืžืœืžื˜ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื ืœืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืžื” ืฉืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผื” ืึตื“ึทืข ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื™ืจึธืฉึถืื ึธึผื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืช. ืื™ืš ืžืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืกื• ื–) ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืžืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืงืœืงืœ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช.

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืืžืจ ืœืš ืœืš ืคื–
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ืžืืžืจ ืœืš ืœืš ืคื–

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื
    27 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ืœืš ืœืš - ื—ืœืง ื'

    ืชืจืข"ื˜ - ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื ื’ื“ื•. ื›ื›ื” ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื•ื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื™ืคืจื“ื• ืžื”ืจืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื˜
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื˜

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ืœืš ืœืš - ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืžืฆื“ืงื•ืชื•. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื ื•ืฆื—ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” - ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช!
    ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืค"ื–

    ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” - ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช!

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช | ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื’
    30 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื’

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื™' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”
    56 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื

    ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืช "ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช", ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืง ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื˜' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ
    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

    ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ

    ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” - 3

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืคืชื— ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ื—' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ?
    ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืค"ื–

    ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช | ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il