ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
  • ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืชื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื‘ืช
  • ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืชื”
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9 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ

ื˜ - ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืžืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื˜ื” ืจื•ืชื—ืช ืกื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื™ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื• ืœื ื™ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ืกื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™, ื˜ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ืฆื‘ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืœื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื“ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืžืชื• ืชืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื’ื ื›ืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื‘ืชื• ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื• ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืžืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื ื‘, ื).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ 'ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช' ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื–, ื•). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืื• ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื˜, ื“), ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœืŸ ืื• ืœืชืงื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื˜).
ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืจืขืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื•: ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืฉืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื ืžืœืื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืจื ื‘, ื”). ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. 1 (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื‘, ื™ื˜, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืจื“ื™ื• ืื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช).

ื™ - ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช
ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื“ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืฉืชื™ื›ื ืก ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ืื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืืœื ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืื—"ื› ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื—"ื› ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื˜, ื). ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืš: ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉื˜ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” (ืจื–"ื”). ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืขื–ืจื”, ืื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ). ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื, ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช (ืจ"ื—). ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืชืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื—ืœืช ื™ื, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืคืœื’ืชื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช (ืจื™"ืฃ).
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืœื—ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื” ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืœื” ืฉื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช - ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. 2
ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืื—"ื› ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช. (ื•ืื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื–"ื”, ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื—, ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจื™ื‘"ืœ ื•ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 7).

ื™ื - ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืื™ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืขืžื•. ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืขืžื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. 3
ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื”, ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืกื™ืจื” (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื•, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื˜, ื‘). ื•ืื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—"ื› ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืจืžื—, ื’).
ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืชื. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืชื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”, ื–). ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ื™ื“ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช (ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’, ืœื˜, ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื•, ื˜ื–). 4
ื™ื‘ - ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื• ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช
ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื• ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉื ืกื™ืขืชื ืื• ื˜ื™ืกืชื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ ืื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ื' ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืคื™ื™ื ืืžื” (ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ืœ - 912 ืžื˜ืจ). ื•ืื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžื™ืœ, ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœ, ื). ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื• ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘' ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืฉื, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืขื ื’ ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื’' ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืงื˜ื•ืฃ ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื“' ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื ืกื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืœ), ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”'ื—ืชื-ืกื•ืคืจ' (ื—"ื• ืกื™' ืฆื–) ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืช, ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ - ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื‘, ื). (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœ, ื™ื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื• ื ื—ืช ืื• ืื•ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืขื’ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช). 5



^ 1.. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื—, ื, ืœืจื‘ื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืจืขืฉ ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืคืกืงื• ืจ"ื—, ืชื•ืก', ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืกืž"ื’. ื•ืœืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื•ื›ืš ืคืกืงื• ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจ"ืช, ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืจื ื‘, ื”. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื™ืงืœ. ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœืจืž"ื ืืกื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก, ื•ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื•, ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื™' ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื’, ื™ื—, ื•ืฉืฉ"ื› ืžื‘, ืžื’). ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช, ื’ื ื”ืจืž"ื ื™ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
^ 2.. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ืœื™ื. ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™, ื•ืจืง ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื™ื.
ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”), ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืจืžื—, ื•ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื—, ื“. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื• ืฉื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื ืงืจืื™ื 'ืงืžื™ ืฉื‘ืชื' (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื–, ื), ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืื—"ื› ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ืื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื—ืฉืฉ ื–ื” (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื"ืฉ), ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื ื, ื‘.
ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืื• ืžืขื˜, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฆื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” - ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœ, ืกื•).
^ 3.. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื˜, ื, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื: ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ืจืฉื‘"ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”: ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืคืกืงื• ื›ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืจ"ื— ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืจืฉื‘"ื’. ืขื•ื“ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืืžืจ: "ื•ืคื•ืกืง ืขืžื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืช", ื”ืชื ืื™ ืžืขื›ื‘. ืœืž"ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืžืขื›ื‘, ื•ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืจืง ืื ื ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืง ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช. ื•ืœื"ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืขืžื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื—, ื‘, ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
ืžื”ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”? ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื ืจืžื—, ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื (ืจ"ืช ื•ืจืื‘ื™"ื”) ืฉื’ื ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจื ืกื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืข ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื—, ืœื•, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืœ, ืฉื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืคืž"ื’ ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืž"ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
^ 4.. ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื™ืžืžื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื ื—"ื™ ื’, ืœื˜, ื•ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื•, ื˜ื–. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื ืื›ืŸ ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื–ื™ ืคืกืง ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”, ื–, ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื–"ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ, ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืืœืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฉืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื—, ื“. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื, ืœื˜. ืืœื ืฉื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื, ื•ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื•ืžื”ืจื™ื‘"ืœ, ืื ื™ืฉ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ืชื (ืžื ื—"ื™ ื’, ืœื˜). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
^ 5.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืขื“, ื, ื•-ืขื“, ื“; ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื, ื›ื, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืก; ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืžื—, ื’-ื”.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช: ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื–"ื”; ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ ื™ื–; ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ื, ื›ื; ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื—, ื“, ื’ื ื›ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืฉืื—"ื› ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”, ื–, ื•ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื”, ื›ื’, ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื“, ืขื–, ื•ืจื™ื‘"ืœ, ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื - ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื—, ื›ื•, ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘, ืงื•, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื—ืช"ืก ื•, ืฆื–. (ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืื• ืจืฉื‘"ื’, ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 5, ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ืกื‘ืจื• ื›ืจื–"ื”, ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืจื‘ื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจื ื›ืจื–"ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจื ื›ืจื“ื‘"ื–).
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื–"ื” ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืช ืกืง"ื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช), ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืœ. ืืœื ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื–"ื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ (ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื), ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื–"ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื—, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจ. ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ื•ืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชืจ (ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’, ืœื–. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช).
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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