ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
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9 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืšืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื ื•. ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ื, ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื—ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•.
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชืขื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ื›ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ื—, ื™ื˜): "ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช: ืฆื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ (ื‘ืชืžื•ื–) ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนื ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉืึดื™ (ื˜' ื‘ืื‘) ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ (ื’' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™) ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนื ื”ึธืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืจึดื™ (ื™' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช) ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐืฉื‚ึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผืœึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึผืœึฐืžึนืขึฒื“ึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึธืœื•ึนื ืึฑื”ึธื‘ื•ึผ". ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืฉืฉื•ืŸ.
ื›ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ืืžื ื ืชืืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ื ืฉื ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ื‘ื• ืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ื‘ื• ืฆืžื™ื ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขืฆื ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ืฉืืจื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืขืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชืงื ื• ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ืฆื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™', ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืชืงื ืชื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ื ืžื˜' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืœื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ืขืฆื ืชืงื ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ื ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ืœื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. 1

ื‘ - ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช
ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืžืžืฆื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืฉื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืื—ืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช.
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ื ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืฆืขืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืชืช ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ืชืงื ื”, ืฉื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื.
ืขืœ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชื ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืืœื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื, ื‘). ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืœืžืฉื”. ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืชื™ืงืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ื‘"ืง ืคื‘, ื), ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืคื•ืขืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ืฉืชืงื ื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื• ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”. ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืขืœื” ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, ื). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”. ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืฉื” ื“ืื’ ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”: ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืชืคืฉ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื•. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืจื“ ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืฆืขืจ ื”ื–ื”.
ื•ืืžืจ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•. ื) ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื - ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื‘) ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื™ืชืช ืขื–ืจื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ. ื’) ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.

ื’ - ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื–
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื•): "ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืื™ืจืขื• ืืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื–: ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืฉืจืฃ ืืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ".
ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื”ื”ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืงื•ืงื™ื ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืจืื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื’ืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ื ื•ื”ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืžื™ื“ ืชืฉืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืจืง ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ืืœื ืืฃ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–.
ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™: ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“. ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืจื‘. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื• ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื“ ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• ืžืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ (ืขื™' ื‘"ืง ืคื‘, ื‘).
ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ืก, ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืจื™ ืจื•ืžื. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคืกืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ืฉื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ืก ื”ืจืฉืข (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค"ื“ ื”"ื”).
ืื•ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืฆื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฆืจื• ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื—ื™ื ื ื—ืœืฉื• ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•, ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื‘ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœืจืขืชื ื•. ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”. 2
ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–. ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ืกื•ื“ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืื ืœื ืชืชื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืื—"ื› ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื”' ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืœื ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื’ื ืœืขื’ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื˜ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืื—"ื› ื›ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ื”' ื•ื‘ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ื•, ื•ื—ื˜ืื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื›ืš - ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคืกืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืื ืœื ืชืชื•ืงืŸ, ื”ื‘ืงืข ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ.

ื“ - ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื•, ื‘): ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืจืขื• ืืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘: "ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ื ืœื›ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื ื—ืจืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืจ".
ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืžืฉื” ื ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืขื ื•ืฉืœื— ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื, ืขืฉืจื” ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืจืขื”, ื•ื”ืžืกื• ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ ื”ืขื, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ืงื™ื. "ื•ึทืชึผึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืงื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึฐื›ึผื•ึผ ื”ึธืขึธื ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื. ื•ึทื™ึผึดืœึผึนื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื›ึผึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื”: ืœื•ึผ ืžึทืชึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœื•ึผ ืžึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืœึธืžึธื” ื”' ืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึดื ึฐืคึผึนืœ ื‘ึผึทื—ึถืจึถื‘, ื ึธืฉืึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื˜ึทืคึผึตื ื•ึผ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืœึธื‘ึทื–, ื”ึฒืœื•ึนื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื”. ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืœ ืึธื—ึดื™ื•, ื ึดืชึผึฐื ึธื” ืจึนืืฉื ื•ึฐื ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื”" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“, ื-ื“).
ื•ืืžื ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืžืจื: "... ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“. ืึดื ื—ึธืคึตืฅ ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผ ื”' ื•ึฐื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื•ึผื ึฐืชึธื ึธื”ึผ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึดื•ื ื–ึธื‘ึทืช ื—ึธืœึธื‘ ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืฉื. ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทื”' ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืžึฐืจึนื“ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึถื ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื™ืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึถืช ืขึทื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึทื—ึฐืžึตื ื•ึผ ื”ึตื, ืกึธืจ ืฆึดืœึผึธื ืžึตืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทื”' ืึดืชึผึธื ื•ึผ ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื™ืจึธืึปื" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“, ื–-ื˜). ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื ื ืชืงื‘ืœื•, ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš, "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื” ืœึดืจึฐื’ึผื•ึนื ืึนืชึธื ื‘ึผึธืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื" (ืฉื ื™).
ืžื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืฉื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืœื ื›ืคืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื”' ื•ื‘ืžืฉื”, ืจืง ื˜ืขื• ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉื” ื ืกืชืœืง, ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื”' ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืœื™ืœ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืกืœื— ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื›ืคืจื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืžื—ืœ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ.
ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื›ื• ื•ืžืืกื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: ืืชื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื ื‘ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืืงื‘ืข ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื“, ื‘). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืจื‘ (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืฉืœื—).
ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ื ืคืจืฆื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื ืคืจืฆื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื ื‘ืงืข ื”ืกื“ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื’ืจื ื”ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื’ื ืื—"ื› ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืขืช ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื, ื•ื ื—ืจืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘.

ื” - ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”
ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื ื”ืจื’ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื. ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ืœื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžื™ื ื” ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืชืœื• ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœืงื•ืžื ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื“ืœืช ื”ืขื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืชืื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืจืžื™ื”ื.
ืื•ืœื ืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœื— ืืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื” ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื. ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ืžืžื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื. ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ืžืžื•. ืื•ืœื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ. "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึธื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึธืขึตืืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถืŸ ืึฑืœึดื™ืฉืึธืžึธืข ืžึดื–ึผึถืจึทืข ื”ึทืžึผึฐืœื•ึผื›ึธื”, ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ึผึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธืจึธื” ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืึดืชึผื•ึน ืึถืœ ื’ึผึฐื“ึทืœึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถืŸ ืึฒื—ึดื™ืงึธื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐืคึผึธืชึธื”, ื•ึทื™ึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืฉืึธื ืœึถื—ึถื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื• ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืฆึฐืคึผึธื”. ื•ึทื™ึผึธืงึธื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึธืขึตืืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื” ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถืจึถืช ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืึดืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึทื™ึผึทื›ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ื’ึผึฐื“ึทืœึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถืŸ ืึฒื—ึดื™ืงึธื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึธืคึธืŸ ื‘ึผึทื—ึถืจึถื‘ ื•ึทื™ึผึธืžึถืช ืึนืชื•ึน... ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืึดืชึผื•ึน... ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื›ึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื“ึผึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืžึฐืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืฉืึธื" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื, ื-ื’). ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื—ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื ืชืžืœืื” ืกืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฆื•ื.
ืืžื ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืกืคืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืจืขื” ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื ื”ืจื’ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื (ืจ"ื” ื™ื—, ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค"ื“ ื”"ื”). ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœื’' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™. 3
ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชืงื ืช ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืฉืฉืงื•ืœื” ืžื™ืชืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• (ืจ"ื” ื™ื—, ื‘).



^ 1.. ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ื‘, ืจืขื, ืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืื– ืชืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื ืชื, ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ืžื” ืฉืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜' ื‘ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืœื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–. ืืžื ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื (ืžื”ื“' ืžื•ืกื”"ืง ืขืž' ืจืžื’) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื’ืž' ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื˜, ื‘). ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค"ื“ ื”"ื”, ืžืคืจืฉ ืจ' ืชื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ืœืื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืืœื ืฉืงืœืงื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”, ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื”ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ื˜', ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื˜, ื‘; ื ื‘, ื•) ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื—, ื‘, ืžืคืจืฉ ืจื‘ื, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ื” ื™ื—, ื‘, 'ื–ื”', ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™.
^ 2.. ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 1, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜' ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™. ืข"ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื (ื™ื•ืกืฃ) ืขืž' ื–' ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืฆืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“.
^ 3.. ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื (ื ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื—, ืจื™ืฉ ื—"ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ื”ืจื“"ืง, ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ื' ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืืœื ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ื”ืฆื•ื ืœื’'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื– ื ื”ื’ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืฆื•ื ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•"ื˜, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ื”ื• ืœื’' ืชืฉืจื™. ื•ืืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื•ื ื‘ื’' ืชืฉืจื™. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช 'ืจืืฉ ื™ื•ืกืฃ' ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื ื“ื—ื”, ื“ื™ื ื• ืงืœ, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฆื•ื ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืืš ื”ื˜"ื– ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• (ืกื™' ืชืงืž"ื˜), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื, ืฉืืฃ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืฆื•ื ืœื’', ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฆื•ื ื ื“ื—ื”, ืืœื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืžื•.
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
  • ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
  • ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
  • ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื•
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื•

    ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืฉืข"ื
  • ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

    ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื’
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฅ (ื›ืฆืœ'ื”)
     ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฅ (ื›ืฆืœ'ื”)
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
  • ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”
    56 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื

    ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ - ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืช "ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช", ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืง ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื˜' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ
    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

    ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ

    ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” - 3

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืคืชื— ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืจื’ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ื—' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš - ื•ื™ืจื
    ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช

    ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš - ื•ื™ืจื

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืœืš ืœืš - ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?
    5 ื“ืง'
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ืœืš ืœืš - ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกื•ื“ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘
    39 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข

    ืกื•ื“ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘

    ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืจืง ื‘'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืจื’ืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขื ืจื—ื‘, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ. ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœื” ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ | ื—' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฉืื™ืœืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
    48 ื“ืง'
    ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืฉืื™ืœืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืืฆืœื ืงื™ืฅ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื’ืฉื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื
    31 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื—' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืืžื•ื ื”: ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื” ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืชื”
    52 ื“ืง'
    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

    ืืžื•ื ื”: ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื” ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืชื”

    ืืžื•ื ื” ื›"ื˜ -ืœ"ื

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”: ืžื—ื“ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื•ื– ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื™ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”', ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืœืขื“ืŸ ื•ืœืจื›ืš ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื”ืคืจืื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ื™ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ | ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื
    45 ื“ืง'
    ื ื—

    ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื

    ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ

    ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืš ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ื’ื–ืœ , ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื–' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ'
    33 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ'

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื–' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื ื—, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
    29 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื ื—, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ื ื— - ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื— ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื”ืืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื— ืจื•ืžื– ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื— ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
    25 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ืคื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ื ื— - ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื˜ื ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื ืคื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื›"ื˜
    27 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื›"ื˜

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื•' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช
    43 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช

    ืขื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื -ื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœืฆื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช
    40 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื "ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ("ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจืื™ื”") ื•ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง. ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”"ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช", ื”"ืชื•ืžื™ื" ื•ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืค, ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืคืจืง ื›"ื– - ื›"ื—

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ืจืฆื™ืฃ, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื‘
    ื ื—

    ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื‘

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื•, ื“ืจืš ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžืจืคื ืœื ืคืฉ
    ืขื™ืŸ ืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ

    ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžืจืคื ืœื ืคืฉ

    ืฉื‘ืช ื, ืง"ืก

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ืงืžื ื™, ืืœื ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ื—ืฉ ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•. ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื–ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื›"ื— ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il