ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
999
24 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉื™ืจื” ืงื•ืคืจืžืŸ ื–"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืšืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™
ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืข ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘, ื—): "ื•ึทื™ึผึดื˜ึผึทืข ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ื’ึผึทืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื“ึถืŸ ืžึดืงึผึถื“ึถื". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืข ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื›ื’): "ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืชึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึผื ึฐื˜ึทืขึฐืชึผึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึตืฅ ืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœ" (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ื›ื”, ื’). ื•ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ (ื—ืช"ืก ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื•, ื). ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื ืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื”ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืœ ืœืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›, ื™ื˜): "ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืขึตืฅ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื”". ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืื - ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืื˜, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื ื™ื‘ื• ืคืจื™. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืื“ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื•. ื‘ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ืืžื ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื ืืœื ืžื’ืžืชื ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื•, ื•ืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืœืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืขืฆื™ ืกืจืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ (ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืœื”, ื‘; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ ื˜).
ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™, ื›ื™ ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื• ื ืฉืžืข (ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืœื“), ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ืœืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื. ื’ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืœืžื“ืช, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื•ืช - ื’ืจืžื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืจืขื‘ ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื‘ - ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื ืืžืจ ื›ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืœื ื™ืขืงืจื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›, ื™ื˜): "ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึธืฆื•ึผืจ ืึถืœ ืขึดื™ืจ ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื—ึตื ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืœึฐืชึธืคึฐืฉื‚ึธื”ึผ, ืœึนื ืชึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ืช ืึถืช ืขึตืฆึธื”ึผ ืœึดื ึฐื“ึผึนื—ึท ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื’ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืŸ, ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืชึนืื›ึตืœ ื•ึฐืึนืชื•ึน ืœึนื ืชึดื›ึฐืจึนืช, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืขึตืฅ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืœึธื‘ึนื ืžึดืคึผึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธืฆื•ึนืจ". ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ืฉื), ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืกืขืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืจ ื ืงืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”' ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ (ืฉื›ื—ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื•). ืืžื ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฆืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืกืจืง, ื•ืจืง ืื ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืจืง ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื’ื ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ (ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘). ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืคืจืฉ, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ืื™ื‘ ืœืœื™ื‘ื, ื›ืฉื™ืจืื• ืืช ืขืฆื™ื”ื ื ืขืงืจื™ื. 1
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืงื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฅ ื—ืœ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื” ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืขืฅ. ืืœื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• ืœื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ืœึนื ืชึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ืช ืึถืช ืขึตืฆึธื”ึผ ืœึดื ึฐื“ึผึนื—ึท ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื’ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืŸ", ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืœืงื•ืช.
ืจืง ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ืฆื ืจืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžื™ื ืœืขืฅ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฅ, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืฅ ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขืฅ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืชื•. ืืžื ื ืžื™ื“ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื˜ืจื—ื”. 2

ื’ - ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™
ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืžื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื“ืงืŸ ืื• ื—ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ื›-1,200 ืกืž"ืง), ืคืงืข ืžืžื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืจื‘ืข ืงื‘ (ื›-300 ืกืž"ืง) - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”, ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืจื‘ืข ืงื‘ (ื›-300 ืกืž"ืง), ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•. ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื• ื›ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืชื•, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ - ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•. 3
ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืžื— ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชื 'ื”ืื“ืžื”', ืื™ื ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื—). 4
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื–ืžื•ืจ ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืขืฅ ื‘ืงืฆื™ืฆืช ืขื ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืฆืฆื (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืืกืŸ ืงื). ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืฅ ืขื ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืฅ ื ืฉืืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• (ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ; ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘, ืงื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื•ื’ื•ืฉ ืื“ืžืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื”), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืžื™ืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืชืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช - ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืฉืืœืช ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ื, ืขื•; ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื, ืงื ื˜, ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ ืขื ื’ื™ืœ ื’, ืงื™ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื• ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืื—"ื› ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืœื ื™ื™ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (ื—ืช"ืก ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื‘; ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืœื“; ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง). ื•ื ืจืื”, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืฆืœื™ื— - ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื’ื ืŸ ืžื ื•ืกื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ืขืฅ ื™ื—ื™ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ื•ื˜ืขื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช.

ื“ - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›, ื™ื˜): "ืœึนื ืชึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ืช ืึถืช ืขึตืฆึธื”ึผ", ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืืœื ืœืฉื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืฉื—ืชื” (ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืื• ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื˜ื”ืจื”.
ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืฉืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืœื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืจืคืกืช ื‘ืœื ื”ื›ืจื— ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ - ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ, ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื˜ื™ื•ืœ.
ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉื”ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืœืฃ. ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™. 5
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉืฉืชืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืขืฆื™ื ืื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ืข ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคืจื ืกื”, ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืื ื”ืžื˜ืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืขืฅ ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืžื˜ืข ืžื ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืžื˜ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ืžื˜ืข ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืข ืื ื™ืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœืช ื—ื›ื, ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื•ื•ื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื ืฉืชืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื™ืคื–ืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฆื™ื. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฅ ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.

ื” - ื›ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืžื–ื™ืง
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง, ื•ืื–ื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื ื–ืง. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ (ื‘"ืง ืฆื‘, ื), ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืืžื•ืจื ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืคื ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ืคื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขื ื”ืชืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืืจื™ืกื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื’ืคื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ (ื‘"ื‘ ื›ื•, ื), ืฉื“ืงืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืจืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืงืœื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื™ืงื• ืœื’ืคื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืขืงืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ื™ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื ื’ืจื ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฉื›ื ื™ื - ืื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืก ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืฆืœื—ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืชืื ื” ืฉื›ื•ื—ื ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื ื”. ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœืช ื—ื›ื.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืฉืžืืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืคืœืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืื•ื“. ืืžื ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฆื™ืฆืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืงืฆื™ืฆืชื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืฆื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขืช ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ืจื” ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ (ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืงืฆื”). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœื’ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืฆื™ืฆืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ืžื˜ืข ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ื”ืขืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืขืงื™ืจืชื• ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืืœื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืขื• ืื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. 6

ื• - ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฆื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ื™ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื•. ืืœื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜: ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืงืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื (ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘): ืœื ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืฆืฅ ืชืื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื”. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฅ ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืœื›ื” - ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” - ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™, ื”ืขื•ืงืจื• ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื“ื• ื–ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืื–ื”ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ - ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• (ืฉืืœืช ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ื, ืขื•; ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื›"ื“). ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื•ื—ืฉืฉื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”. 7

ื– - ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช - ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉืื ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืื• ืงื•ืจืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืจืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ืชื ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช'. 8
ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื. ื•ื’ื ืื ืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžืื›ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขืจื‘ ืœื—ื™ื›ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' ื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื—, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžื™ื ืืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’). ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืื• ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืœื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ืื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื” ืื•ืชื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ื’ื‘ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื” - ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืงื”"ืจ ื–, ื™ื’): "ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื˜ืœื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืœื ื™ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืจืื” ืžืขืฉึทื™ ื›ืžื” ื ืื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืืชื™ - ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ื‘ืจืืชื™, ืชืŸ ื“ืขืชืš ืฉืœื ืชืงืœืงืœ ื•ืชื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉืื ืงืœืงืœืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืงืŸ ืื—ืจื™ืš".

ื— - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืœื ืœืงื•ื˜ืคื ื•ืœื’ื“ืœื (ืขื™' ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›, ื‘).
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื—ืชื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื, ื; ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืงืก, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื‘ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' (ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื”, ื‘), ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื ื›ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืกืจื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืขืฉื•, ื”ืจืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ืฉื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื—ืžืชื•. ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืฉื›ื–ื”. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ืงื“ืง ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื ืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืขืก ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืขืก ื›ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื”, ื‘): "ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”", ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ื›ืขืก - ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื›ืขืกื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. 9

ื˜ - ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื
ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืก ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืฉืงื” ืžืขืœ ืœื—ื, ืฉืžื ื™ื™ืฉืคืš ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื, ื•ื™ืžืื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืœืœื—ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš, ืฉืžื ื™ืคื’ื•ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื•ื’ืžื ื•ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงืขื, ื). ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžืื›ืœ ืœืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ื–ืจืงื•. ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืข, ืฉืื– ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื–ืจืงื•.
ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืชืจืžื™ืœ ืื• ืฉืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืขืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืงืขื, ื‘). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื•ืจืงื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืงื“ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจืชื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ืชืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืžืืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื”. ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื ืงื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืžืืก, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืœื ืœื–ื•ืจืงื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืคื—ื•ืชื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงืขื, ื). 10
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื—ื ื›ื›ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื. ื•ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื’ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืชื‘ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื›ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงืขื, ื’).

ื™ - ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืฆืœื—ืชื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื™ื–ืจืงื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืžื™ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื‘ื ื›ื•ืื‘ ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืงืช ืžืื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉื—ืชื” - ื™ืฆื™ืœื•ื”ื• (ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืงื›"ื˜). ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื–ืจืงื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืž, ื‘). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœื”ื. ืืžื ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื“ื ื™ืื›ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืฆืœื—ืช. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืขื‘, ืืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœื ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื.
ืื“ื ืฉืขืจืš ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื—, ืืœื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ืื• ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš. ื•ืื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื‘ื“ื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ืื• ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื•. ื•ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืคืฆื• ื‘ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—, ืฉื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื•ื’ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื - ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ืืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ื ื•ืชืจ, ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. 11

ื™ื - ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื•ื‘ืฉื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื’ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช', ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ืœืœื•ื‘ืฉื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืœื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชื ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืœื•, ืืœื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืชื ื ืœื”ื. ื•ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉื—ืชืชื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ื ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืกืžื ื‘ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืกื™ืจืชื.
ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื‘ื–ื” ืืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื”.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจื— ื‘ื”ืชืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื˜ื•ืจื—, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืชื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืฉื—ืชืชืŸ (ื—"ื ื™ื, ืœื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœื ื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืคื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื’ื ื™ื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืคื” (ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืชืชืขื˜). ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื ื•ื– ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืฉื™ืฉ, ืžืจืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื•ื›ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื•ื’ื–ื, ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช'. ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช'.

ื™ื‘ - ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืžืื›ืœ
ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืžืื›ืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืชืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืœื—ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ ืœื—ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืคื— 'ื–ื™ืช', ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงืค, ื’). ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืคื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
ืื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื ืคื— 'ื–ื™ืช', ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื“ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื ืืœื ืœืื•ืกืคื ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื, ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื ืกื” 'ื ืงื™ื“' ืฉืžื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื ืงื™ื•ืช' ืฉืžื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™, 'ื ื‘ืœ' ืฉืžื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืœื›ืœื•ืš' ืฉืžื•. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžืœืืš ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืงื™ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžืœืืš ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื, ื‘; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงื”, ื‘).
ืœื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืกืคื ื•ืœื–ื•ืจืงื ืœืคื— ืื• ืœืžื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื ืœืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื—ืชื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื“ื, ืจืง ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื ืœืืจืฅ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงืค, ื“; ืž"ื‘ ื™).
ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืฃ ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืœื—ื ืœื—ืฆืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ื, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื•ื ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื›ืš. ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืœื—ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ื˜ืคื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืคื—.
ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœื—ื ืื• ืžืื›ืœ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื–ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืกืœืข ืื• ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื–ื” ื›ืฉื™ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“, ื‘; ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื”, ืœื).

ื™ื’ - ืขืฆื™ ืกืจืง
ื›ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขืฅ ืกืจืง, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช' (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•, ื˜). ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื˜ืคื— ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชื•ืขืœืชื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืืฃ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ืขืจืš ื›ืกืคื™, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืจืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืกืชื ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ ืื• ืฆืžื—, ื’ื ืื ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืขืจืš ื›ืกืคื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืจื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื ื‘ืจื ืขืจืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื•, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื’ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘"ืจ ื™, ื•): "ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ ื•ืขืฉื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืจืงื™ืข ืฉืžื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื’ื“ืœ". ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ื—"ื’ ืคื•, ื), ืฉื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื™ืžื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจืชื, ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืงืœืกื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื”ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืžื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื•. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืืจ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ (ืขื™' ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ื™ื, ื). ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงืœ"ื‘), ืฉื”ืงื•ืฆืฅ ืื™ืœืŸ ืกืจืง ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘, ื‘): "ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ืœื ื™ ืกืจืง ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช", ื ืžืฆื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืจืง ื’ื ื•ื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื™.
ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื—ื“ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ื—ืงืงื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชืงื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ื™ื ื. ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ ืื• ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื›ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืขืจืš ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืขื™' ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘, ื).

ื™ื“ - ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืจืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืจืขื” ื”ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืขืฆื™ื ื•ืœืฉื“ื•ืช, ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื™ื–ื™ื, ืฉื”ืŸ ืงืœื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื•ื—ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขืฅ, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืฆื•ืžื— ื ื’ืจื ืžื”ืŸ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื ื”, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœื ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืฉืžืžื”.
ืืžื ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื’ืกื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืขืฆื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื’ื“ืœืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืœื—ืจื™ืฉ, ืœื—ืœื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื’ื“ืœืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ืžืจืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื–ืงื ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื™ืงื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื’ื“ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื“ืœืŸ. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื—ื’ ืื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืชื” ืืฆืœื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ืชืฆื ืœืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื” ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ื›ืจืŸ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืืฆืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช (ื‘"ืง ืขื˜, ื‘ - ืค, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”, ื‘; ื–). 12

ื˜ื• - ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื“ืงื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืžืžื”, ื‘ืœื ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื“ืœืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืชื˜, ื). ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื— ืืช ืฉืžืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœืฉืžื• ื ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืฉื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื” (ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—ื•"ืž ื’, ื–; ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื“, ืจื›ื–).
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืกื— ืคืจื ืง, ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ืœืœื ืชืงื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืคื’ ืชื•ืงืคื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ (ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื—ื•"ืž ืช"ื˜).
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช, ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืขื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืžื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืžืขื ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื” (ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื’; ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื–, ื›ื“, ื’).
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื˜ืขื ื”ืชืงื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื, ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืืœื ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจืขื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.



^ 1.. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ื ื–. ื™"ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืกืž"ื’ ืœ"ืช ืจื›ื˜, ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืœื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•, ื—; ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื), ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื™"ื ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฆืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ืชืจ (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘, ื–, ืœืจื‘ ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’). ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืกืจืง, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืขืฅ, ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘; ืกืคืจื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 2.. ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•, ื—, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื’ื ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื, ืฉืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžืžื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื - ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ื. ืข"ื›. ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขืฅ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืชื• (ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ืฉื›ืœืคื™ื• ื ืืžืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื˜ื–: "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึทื ืจึตืขึถืšึธ"), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ืจืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื”ืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื•"ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื•ื ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื’ื•ืคื, ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ืžื’ื–ืœ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื‘, ื). ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืžื ื—"ื™ ื’, ืžื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื—ื ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ - ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
^ 3.. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืจึทืง ืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึตื“ึทืข ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ืขึตืฅ ืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœ ื”ื•ึผื", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื• (ื—ืช"ืก ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื‘; ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ื˜). ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืคื— ืงื‘: ื‘ื™ืฆื” = 50 ืกืž"ืง, ืœื•ื’ = 6 ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื = 300 ืกืž"ืง, ืงื‘ = 4 ืœื•ื’ = 1,200 ืกืž"ืง. ื•ืืžื ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื›-56 ืกืž"ืง, ื•ืœื—ื–ื•"ื ื›-100 ืกืž"ืง, ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›-50 ืกืž"ืง, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, 11, ื•ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื, ื•, 6.
^ 4.. ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื: ืขืจืš ืฉื™ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื˜ื–; ืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืฆื“; ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื–, ืงืขื—; ืฉื•"ืช ืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื›ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืœื“; ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•"ื“ ื‘, ืงืขื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ืช"ืก ื•ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืกื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืขืจืœื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• (ืขื™' ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•"ื— ื‘, ืงื‘). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืฅ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื–, ื ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื›), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื”.
^ 5.. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื"ืฉ (ื‘"ืง ื—, ื˜ื•), ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื™"ื•. ืขืคื™"ื– ื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ื˜"ื– ืงื˜ื–, ื•, ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืงืฆื”, ืฉื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื—ืฆืจื• ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉืื™ืœืช ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื, ืขื•; ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง, ื•ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืงื˜ื–, ื™ื’. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›"ื› ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื‘ืืกืŸ ืงื; ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืœ ื, ื›ื‘; ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืž"ืž ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ (ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, 9).
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืขืงืจื• ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ (ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•"ื— ื‘, ืงื‘).
^ 6.. ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืžื˜ืข ืฉืขืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื 50 โ‚ช ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืื• ื‘ืงืฆื™ืฆืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” 200 โ‚ช. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืžืขืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืข ืžืกื—ืจื™. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืคื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”, ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื ืชื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘"ืž ืœื—, ื): "ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื‘ ืฉืœื• ืžืชืฉืขื” ืงื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ. ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืชืชื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘' ื•ื”ืขืจื” 2.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื—ื“ืจื• ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื ืžื›ืš ืžืื•ื“ (ืขื™' ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘, ืจื—).
^ 7.. ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ื˜"ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื˜ื–, ื•; ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืœ ื, ื›ื’; ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื, ืกื; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ, ื—ืงืจื™ ืœื‘, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืงื˜ื–, ื™ื’, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื. ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื” ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื: ืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืž"ื”; ืฉืื™ืœืช ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื, ืขื•; ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื›"ื“. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืงืจื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืช (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื‘ ื™ื•"ื“ ืขื ื–; ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื’ ื, ื›ื“). โ†
ืขืงื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ : ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื• ืžื™ืชื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืื‘"ื“), ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค, ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ื•ืช), ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”, ื˜, 9). ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™, ืื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™.
^ 8.. ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช ืžืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื). ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื–, ื‘); ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื›ืœื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื˜, ื); ืžืื›ืœื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืž, ื‘); ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื). ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืชื•ืก' ื‘"ืž ืœื‘, ื‘; ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืจื‘ื ื• ืคืจืฅ, ืจื™"ื• ื•ืกืž"ื’). ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•, ื™, ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœ"ืช ื ื–), ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืœืงื•ืช ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ืœืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืžืœืงื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. (ื™"ื ืฉืœืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื ืขืฆื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื™"ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”).
^ 9.. ืืฃ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉืงืจืข ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืœื, ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืงืจืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื• (ืžื•"ืง ื›ื“, ื; ืชื•ืก' ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘, 'ืขื•ื‘ืจ'). โ†
ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืงื›"ื˜, ื•ืกืž"ืง ืงืข"ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื• ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืชื•ืก' ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื, 'ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', ื•ื”ื’ืž"ื™ ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•, ื’. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 'ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช'. ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ "ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื", ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืข"ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืขืฉื™ื• (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืกื‘, ื).
ืื“ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ื–ืจืงื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•. ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื–ื•ืจืงื (ื’ื ื–ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘' ืœื‘), ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื (ื™ืคื” ืœืœื‘ ื—"ื‘ ืชืงืกื”, ื’).
^ 10.. ืืžื ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืช. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื—ื, ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืคืกืง ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจืš ื”ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืœื—ื ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืงืกื–, ืคื—.
^ 11.. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ืฉื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช. ื•ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืžื ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื–ืžืŸ ืคื ื•ื™, ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืจื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ืฉื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืื ื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ืื• ืื™ ื”ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืื›ืœื ืืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืจืกื’, ื-ื’).
^ 12.. ื‘ื‘"ืง ืค, ื, ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ื ื— ืžืœื™ื‘ื•. ืฉืืœื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืืžืจื•: ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืงื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ื ืง ื—ืœื‘ ืจื•ืชื— ื™ืฉืจ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืžืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ืขื– ื•ืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืง, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืžื ื” ืžืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื™ืช. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืงืจื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขื– ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืจืขื™ ืžื™ื˜ืชื•, ืžื™ื“ ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืืžืจื•: ืœืกื˜ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื•?! ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื–. ื•ื”ื‘ื"ื— ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘'ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข', ืฉื’ื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื– ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื™ื˜ืชื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื›ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื™ืชืชื• ื•ืืžืจ: ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืืœื ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขื–, ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืจืฉ"ื™), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื ื™ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืžื ื™ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ (ืชื•ืก' ื™ื•"ื˜ ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘"ืง ื–, ื–). ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ื™', ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ. ืืžื ื ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืชื˜, ื, ืคืกืง ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ ื™ืจื“ ืœื‘ื‘ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื (ื‘"ืง ืค, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”, ื—).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
  • ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœ

    ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
  • ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” - ืœื ืคื” ื•ืœื ืฉื
    58 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

    ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” - ืœื ืคื” ื•ืœื ืฉื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืจืง ื‘'

    ื˜"ื– ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉืข"ื
  • ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื”
ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช ื–"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช ื–"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš - ื•ื™ืจื
    ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช

    ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš - ื•ื™ืจื

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืœืš ืœืš - ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?
    5 ื“ืง'
    ืœืš ืœืš

    ืœืš ืœืš - ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฉืื™ืœืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
    48 ื“ืง'
    ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืฉืื™ืœืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืืฆืœื ืงื™ืฅ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื’ืฉื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื
    31 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื—' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืืžื•ื ื”: ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื” ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืชื”
    52 ื“ืง'
    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

    ืืžื•ื ื”: ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื” ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืชื”

    ืืžื•ื ื” ื›"ื˜ -ืœ"ื

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”: ืžื—ื“ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื•ื– ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื™ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”', ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืœืขื“ืŸ ื•ืœืจื›ืš ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื”ืคืจืื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ื™ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ | ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื
    45 ื“ืง'
    ื ื—

    ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื

    ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ

    ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืš ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ื’ื–ืœ , ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื–' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ'
    33 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœ'

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื–' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื ื—, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
    29 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื ื—, ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ื ื— - ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื— ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื”ืืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื— ืจื•ืžื– ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื— ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
    25 ื“ืง'
    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ืคื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื

    ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” - ื ื— - ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื˜ื ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื ืคื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื›"ื˜
    27 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื›"ื˜

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื•' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช
    43 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช

    ืขื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื -ื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœืฆื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช
    40 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื "ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ("ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจืื™ื”") ื•ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง. ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”"ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช", ื”"ืชื•ืžื™ื" ื•ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืค, ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืคืจืง ื›"ื– - ื›"ื—

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ืจืฆื™ืฃ, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื‘
    ื ื—

    ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื‘

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื•, ื“ืจืš ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื“' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžืจืคื ืœื ืคืฉ
    ืขื™ืŸ ืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ

    ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžืจืคื ืœื ืคืฉ

    ืฉื‘ืช ื, ืง"ืก

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ืงืžื ื™, ืืœื ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ื—ืฉ ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•. ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื–ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื›"ื— ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
    44 ื“ืง'
    ืขื™ืŸ ืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ

    ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“

    ืฉื‘ืช ื, ืงืก"ื‘ - ืงืก"ื“

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” โ€“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืชื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง. ื“ืจืš ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืœืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื›"ื—
    33 ื“ืง'
    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช

    ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื›"ื—

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื”' ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื ื—
    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื ื—

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 622

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 622

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il