ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
  • ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืืฉื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
undefined
22 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื

ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ.

ื - ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื‘, ื): "ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ื ึดืฆึผึธื‘ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื“ึทืช
ืึต-ืœ", ื•ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืคืœืœ ืื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืขื™ืžื•, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉืื– ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืขื™' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•, ื). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื•ืงื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื”. ื•ืžื”ื: ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื›ื•, ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื’, ื‘). 1
ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื ืฉืžืขืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื ืฉืžืขืช (ืขื™' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—, ื).
ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช; ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘, ื-ื’).
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื”.
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืขืœืชื• ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•, ื; ื—, ื). ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ืงืจื 'ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜', ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื, ื˜ื–): "ื•ึธืึฑื”ึดื™ ืœึธื”ึถื ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ืžึฐืขึทื˜", ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: "ืืœื• ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช" (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื˜, ื).
ื ืžืฆื ืืคื•ื, ืฉืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื”, ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืชืงื ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ: ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื• - ื ืงืจื ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืข. ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื•. ื•ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฆ, ื™ื).

ื‘ - ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื, ื), ืืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืคืจืง ื’), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืืžื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืฉื” ืฉืชืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื–ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื–ื›ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืžืŸ ืขืœ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืืžืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืชืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืขืงื‘ ืชืชืข"ื): ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื–ืงื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืขื“ ืฉืงืฆื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืคืชื ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื•: ืจื‘ื™, ื–ืงื ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™, ื•ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ื, ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืžืช ืœื ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืืžืจ ืœื”: ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื? ืืžืจื” ืœื•: ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืื ื™, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฉื›ืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ืืžืจ ืœื”: ืžื ืขื™ ืขืฆืžืš ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”. ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื—ืœืชื” ื•ืžืชื”. ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื–ื•.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืขืœ ืืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ. ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: "ื‘ืชื™, ื•ื”ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืชืš, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืืช ื‘ืื” ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ". ืืžืจื” ืœื•: "ืจื‘ื™, ื•ื”ืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™" (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื›ื‘, ื). ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช (ืž"ื ืฆ, ื›ื‘; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื’, 3). 2
ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืืฉื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืœืชื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ืื‘ืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ.

ื’ - ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ
ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืชื•, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืœืคื˜ืคื˜ ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ื ื•, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื). ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” "ืืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืœืขืœื ื•ืœืขืœืžื™ ืขืœืžื™ื" ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื•, ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืœื• ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื˜, ื‘; ืชืจ"ื™). ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื•, ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื ืžื‘ืจืš" ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช (ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืก'). ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื•, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ืœื•. ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ื™ื "ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืจืš", ืขื•ืœื” ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื ืขื ืข ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงืœืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’, ื).
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ืขืฉื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืจืžื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืชื•. ื•ื–ื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื•: ื™ืชื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉืžื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืจื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ื™ืžืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ืฆืžื™ื— ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉื™ื—ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื›ื (ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื) ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืึดืžืจื• ืืžืŸ. ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื ื”: "ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืœืขืœื ื•ืœืขืœืžื™ ืขืœืžื™ื", ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื•: ื™ื”ื™ ืฉืžื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื. ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื—ื–ืŸ: ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ื™ืฉืชื‘ื— ื•ื™ืชืคืืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื ื•ื™ืชื ืฉื ื•ื™ืชื”ื“ืจ ื•ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ืžื•ืช, ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืึดืžืจื• ืืžืŸ. ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื 'ื—ืฆื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ', ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ืž"ื‘ ื ื•, ื•). 3

ื“ - ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ
ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื ื‘ืฉืžื: ื) ื—ืฆื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื ืงืจื ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ืคืกืง, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื‘) ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื ืฉืœืžื, ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ืชื "ืš, ื•ื ืชื•ื•ืกืคื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื ืœื ื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื: "ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื• ื”ื•ื (ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื•) ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ (ืขืžื•) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจื• ืืžืŸ". ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื 'ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื'. ื’) ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”. ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื ื• ืชืชืงื‘ืœ. ื“) ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื• ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืื—ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื—ืฆื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. [ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”]. ืื—ืจ 'ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื“ืกื“ืจื' ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืชืงื‘ืœ, ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ืคื™ื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ื—). ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ืžืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืฉืื—ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืฉืžืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืชื• (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื—-ื™ื˜). ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื‘ืœ, ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื‘ ืื• ืื. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื’, ื—, 9).

ื” - ื‘ืจื›ื•
ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ: "ื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื”' ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš", ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”' ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“", ื•ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”' ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“" (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ื ื–, ื).
ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื‘ืจื›ื•' ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื›ื•ืจืข ืžืขื˜, ื•ื–ื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”'. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืข ืžืขื˜, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื›ืจื•ืข ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืจืขื• ืžืขื˜ (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื–, 3).
ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ 'ื‘ืจื›ื•', ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช 'ื‘ืจื›ื•' ืงื•ืจื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืœืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื‘ืจื›ื•' ื›ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื‘ืจื›ื•' ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืชื• (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื–, ื’, 2; ื›ื’, ื˜).
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•'ื‘ืจื›ื•'. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืงืจืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•'ื‘ืจื›ื•' (ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ื›ื”"ื— ื ื•, ื›; ืงืžื•, ื›-ื›ื; ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื’, ื“).
ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืขื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•'ื‘ืจื›ื•', ืฉื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ืž"ื‘ ื ื•, ื–-ื—; ืงืžื•, ื™ื—). ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ื‘ืจื›ื•', ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืงืฆืจื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืฉืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืืœื ืจืง ืžืชืจื•ืžืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื›ืกื ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืงืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ืžืขื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžื™ืจืชื• ืงืฆืจื”, ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืžื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”.

ื• - ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ (ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ)
ืชืงื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื (ืจ"ื” ืœื“, ื‘). ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืชืงื ื• ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื.
ื•ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื—ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืชืงื ื•, ืฉื’ื ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื•ื™ืขื ื• ืืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช.
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื. ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื–ื–ื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื”. ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื“, ื’, ืขืค"ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื). ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ - ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ - ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• (ื˜ื•ืจ).
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื ืชื‘ืืจ, ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ืขื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื•ื“, ืœืคื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ืฆืจื›ื•ืช, ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืœื—ืฉ ื•ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื•ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืขืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื—ืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืืžืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ืžืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืœื—ืฉ, ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื›ื™ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืœืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื” (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื“, ื–, ื›ื”"ื— ืงื›ื“, ื‘, ื˜ื–).

ื– - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืช ืืžืŸ
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ: ื)ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ. ื‘)ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ. ื’)ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ.
ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืงื“ืง ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืžืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื’, ื‘): "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจืš".
ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉ, ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืžื‘ืจืš. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ', ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ: ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืชื ื• ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื•. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื—ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื“ืขืช' ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช: ื) ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืขื” ืžืžื ื•, ื‘) ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื“ืขื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื“, ื•, ืž"ื‘ ื›ื”).
ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืช ืืžืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื“, ื™ื‘). ืื™ืŸ ืœืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืืžืŸ, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื” ืžืขื˜, ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื-ืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ". ืžื ื’ื“, ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™.
ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืŸ - ืœืื•ืžืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืŸ - ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืื• ืœื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืจืคื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ื—ืœืฉ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžืŸ ืžืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช 'ืืžืŸ-ื™ืชื•ืžื”' (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื“, ื—).
ืขื ื™ื™ืช ืืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืคื’ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™: "ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืืžืŸ ื™ืชื•ืžื” - ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, ื—ื˜ื•ืคื” - ื™ืชื—ื˜ืคื• ื™ืžื™ื•, ืงื˜ื•ืคื” - ื™ืชืงื˜ืคื• ื™ืžื™ื•. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืจื™ืš ื‘ืืžืŸ - ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื•" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–, ื).
ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืžื•" ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉื ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื ื”ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ืœืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื ืœืื•ืžืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืขื ื” "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืžื•" ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื” - ื™ืฆื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืกื™ื— ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื“, ื›ื; ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขื ื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื›ืœืœ).

ื— - ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื
ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื: "ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธ-ืื•ึนืช ืžึฐืœึนื ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ื•ึน", "ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ ื”' ืžึดืžึผึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึน", ื•"ื™ึดืžึฐืœึนืšึฐ ื”' ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื" ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ, ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื’ื ืืช ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื”, ื‘, ื›ื”"ื— ื‘).
ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื”, ื‘). ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ' (ื"ืจ ืงื›ื”, ื•), ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘.
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœื™ื: 'ืงื“ื•ืฉ' 'ืงื“ื•ืฉ' 'ืงื“ื•ืฉ', 'ื‘ืจื•ืš' ื•'ื™ืžืœื•ืš', ื•ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ืฉื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” (ื‘"ื™ ื•ืจืž"ื ืงื›ื”, ื‘. ื•ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ื•, ื›ื”"ื— ื‘, ื˜, ืฉื™"ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื).
ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืœ'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื™ืžื•, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื-ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ', ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืž, ื). ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘'ืžื•ื“ื™ื' ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ืฉ (ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื–, ื‘, ื›ื”"ื— ื; ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื‘, ื”).

ื˜ - ืžืชื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”
ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืืžื™ืจืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง (ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜ื–, ื™ื“; ื˜ื•, ื•). ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืืžื™ืจืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ืื• ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืจื›ื•, ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ืื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื”. ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชืคืกื™ืง ื•ืชืขื ื” ืขื™ืžื”ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžื™ืจืชื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืชื™ืจืื” ื›ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืชื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืขื ื” ืขืžื”ื.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืžื•", ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ. ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ืชืขื ื”. (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื“, ื“, 7; ื˜ื–, ื”, 4). 4

ื™ - ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื”ื
ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”'" ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืคืกืง ืฉื ืงื•ื˜ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืกื•, ื’).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืกื•ืง 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ื•'ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“' ื•ื›ื•', ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื“ื™ื ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื•, ื).
ื”ืžืกืชืคืงืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ืชืขื ื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืขื ื•ืช (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื–, 4).
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืง ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืืžื™ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื–, ื˜ื•).
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉืกืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืฆืจื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืงืจื ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกืžื•ืš ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืคืกื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ, ืจ"ื” ื˜ื–, ื), ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื•, ื˜; ืจืž"ื ืงื™ื, ื; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื–, 7).

ื™ื - ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•, ื›ื‘-ื›ื•): "ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืœึผึตืืžึนืจ. ื“ึผึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืึถืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ื• ืœึตืืžึนืจ, ื›ึผึนื” ืชึฐื‘ึธืจึฒื›ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึธืžื•ึนืจ ืœึธื”ึถื: ื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึถื›ึฐืšึธ ื”' ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืจึถืšึธ. ื™ึธืึตืจ ื”' ืคึผึธื ึธื™ื• ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึดื™ื—ึปื ึผึถืšึผึธ. ื™ึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ื”' ืคึผึธื ึธื™ื• ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉื‚ึตื ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉืึธืœื•ึนื".
ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืžืฉืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• (ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื’ ืคืจืง ืž"ื“; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืขื—; ื”ืขืงื“ื” ืฉืขืจ ืขื“). ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•. ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”: "ื‘ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืชืชื ืชืœื™ื ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืขื™ืœื", ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื•: ื‘ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ: "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ืึถืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตื, ื•ึทื™ึผึตืจึถื“ ืžึตืขึฒืฉื‚ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึทื˜ึผึธืืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึนืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜, ื›ื‘). ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื ื• ืœื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืื ื• ืจืื•ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•.
ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืชื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช, ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ืฉืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื.

ื™ื‘ - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื
ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื•ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื. ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื• - ืœื ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงื›ื—, ื™ื“; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›, ื“).
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื•ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื“, ื‘): "ืฉื‚ึฐืื•ึผ ื™ึฐื“ึตื›ึถื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”'". ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื• (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื˜, ื).
ืชื™ืงืŸ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™, ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืœืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ืกื ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื (ื”ื˜ืขื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›, ื—).
ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื: ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืื• ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื– "ื›ื”ื ื™ื", ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•, ื›ื’): "ืึธืžื•ึนืจ ืœึธื”ึถื". ื•ืื ืจืง ื›ื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืœื” ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื "ื›ื”ื ื™ื", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ืึธืžื•ึนืจ ืœึธื”ึถื" ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื "ื›ื”ื ื™ื" (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื—, ื™). ื’ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื, ืืœื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืžืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืง.

ื™ื’ - ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื
ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื (ื™ื‘, ื™ื—), ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืชื, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•, ื›ื’): "ื›ึผึนื” ืชึฐื‘ึธืจึฒื›ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึธืžื•ึนืจ ืœึธื”ึถื", ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ืžืขื.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืื• ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืงื›ื—, ื ื; ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื“, ื™ื—).
ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžื—ืžืช ืื•ื ืก ืœื ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช - ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื• - ืื™ื ื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื - ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื™ืคื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื•ื™ืคื ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืงื•ืžื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฆื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื›ื—, ื›ื“).
ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื• ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืœืคื ื™ื”ื - ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš, ืชืฉื”ื” ืžืขื˜ ื•ืชืฉืžืข ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืื—"ื› ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ืชืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›, 2).

ื™ื“ - ื”ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื
ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืืช ื”' ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ. ื•ืื ื™ืžื ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื‘ืจืš, ืจืง ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื˜ื ืขืœ ืคืฉืข. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, ื•): "ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืจืฉืข, ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืจึถืฉึทืข ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช".
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืฉื ื’ืจื•ืฉื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืžื ืœืžืชื™ื, ืงื ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื• ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก, ื ืคืกืœ ืžืœืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืคื™ื•. ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงื›ื—, ืกืขื™ืคื™ื: ืœื–, ืž, ืžื, ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›, ื™).
ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืœื ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื, ื˜ื•): "ื•ึผื‘ึฐืคึธืจึดืฉื‚ึฐื›ึถื ื›ึผึทืคึผึตื™ื›ึถื ืึทืขึฐืœึดื™ื ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืžึดื›ึผึถื ื•ื›ื•' ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ื“ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืžึธืœึตืื•ึผ" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื‘, ื‘). ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ืกื“ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’, ืคื’ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื“ืจืก ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืื“ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช - ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ืจืข ืœื• ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืœืš ืืœ ืจื‘ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›, ื™ื).

ื˜ื• - ืชืงื ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”
ืชืงื ื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืœืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘"ืง ืคื‘, ื), ืฉืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื›ื‘): "ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึถืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึธืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืžึธื™ึดื". ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื ื’ืจื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœื ืขืกืงื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืžืฉืœื” ืœืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื ืชืงื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืกืงื• ื’ื ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืœื ื‘ื•ืข. ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืขืกืงื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืงืจื™ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.
ืขื•ื“ ืชื™ืงืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช (ื‘"ืง ืคื‘, ื). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืœื™ ื“ืขืช, ื•ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืคื ื• ืœืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื” (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื”, ื—). ืขื•ื“ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืขืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืขืœื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื•ืœื™ื (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื, ื). ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื' ื“, ื‘; ื“, ื•).
ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ืงืจื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ืชืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื™ืขืœื‘ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืคื‘, ื-ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื“-ื”; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื”, ื•).
ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืœืฃ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื™, ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื‘, ื“-ื• ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื' ืคืจืง ื“, ื•ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ืคืจืง ื›ื‘).

ื˜ื– - ื”ื—ื–ืŸ
ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื ื™ื•, ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืงื•ืœื• ื ืขื™ื ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜ื–, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ื ื’, ื“). ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื– ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื™ืžื—ืœ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ ืืช ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ืŸ, ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืชืขืœื” ื™ืคื” (ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืงืคื, ื).
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื "ืš, ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื - ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืชืžื•ืจื” ื™ื“, ื‘). ื•ืื– ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื. ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืจืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื›ื—ื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื ื’, ื™ื˜, ืž"ื‘ ื ื’, ื ื’).
ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื (ืขื™' ื›ื”"ื— ื ื’, ืคื•). ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื–ืžืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ืงื•ืœ ืขืจื‘.

ื™ื– - ื—ื–ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื
ื”ื—ื–ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื”ื™ืคื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื ึธืชึฐื ึธื” ืขึธืœึทื™ ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœึธื”ึผ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืฉื‚ึฐื ึตืืชึดื™ื”ึธ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื‘, ื—). ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืงืจื“ื•ื ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื•ืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืœื ื™ืืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืฉื•"ืข ื ื’, ื™ื).
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ื ื™ื ืœื›ืคื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ื›ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืง, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื”. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ (ืขื™' ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื‘, ื›ื‘, ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื•, ื–).
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืžื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ - ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื–ืžืจื•ื”ื• ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืชื™ืคื’ื (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“, 1). ื–ึทืžึธืจ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ืžื’ื•ื ื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ืŸ (ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ื ื’, ื›ื”).
ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืฉื™ืกืจื‘ ืžืขื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืกืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ื ื’, ื˜ื–; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“, ื’). ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื ื ื• ื”' ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ืขืจื‘, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื–ืžืจื”. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ืงืฉื•ืช ืื• ืขืฆืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ื— ืœื”' ื‘ืงื•ืœื•, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื (ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื—). ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื• ืขืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืขื•. ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืจืžื• ื•ืœื ืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก, ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื“ ื‘ืžืœืš, ื•ืื‘ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ื›"ื”).

ื™ื— - ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื
ื”ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื ืคื˜ืจ, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื”ื™ื ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื•. ื•ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื ืคื˜ืจ. ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืจืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืกื“ืจื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื• (ื•ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“, ื”-ื–).
ืื™ืฉ ืื• ืืฉื” ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ืชืงืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ - ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืŸ - ืชืงื ื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ (ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืขื•, ื“). ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืงืจื™ืื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ืชื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ื.
ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ืžืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืžืฅ ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื. ื’ืจ ืฆื“ืง, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื (ืฉื•"ืช ื–ืงืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ื•"ื“ ืคื–).

ื™ื˜ - ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ
ืื™ืฉ ืื• ืืฉื” ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื›ื“ ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื - ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื ื›ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื ื›ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื›ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืช. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืชืŸ, ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื• ืื• ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืชืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื‘, ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืื‘ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•. ื•ื›ืฉื’ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ, ืื—ื™ื• ืื• ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ.
ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื™ืฉื›ืจื• ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืชื• ืื“ื ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื“ื ื–ืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ืืžื™ืจืชื•. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืœืขื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืชืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ืคื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช.
ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืช ื™ืฉื›ืจื• ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. 5




^ 1.. ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื’, ื‘, ื•ืžืก' ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™, ื–, ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื, ื‘): "ื•ึฐื ึดืงึฐื“ึผึทืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื‘, ืœื‘), ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื”". ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืฉื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืฆื ืืžื™ืจืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืืžื ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ืฉืื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืื“ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื“, ื‘). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉืจื” (ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื‘ื•ื”ื‘ ืกื’, ื•ืคืช"ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื ื–, ื–, ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื–ื”).
^ 2.. ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•, ื™ื’, ื•ืฉื ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“-ื›ื”. ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ื—ื›ืžืช ืื“ื ืคื•, ื˜ื•), ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื’ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ืคืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืงื ื“, ื–, ืคืกืง, ืฉืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื‘, ื›ื.
^ 3.. ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืช "ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื" ื•ื›ื•'. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืชื™ืžืŸ (ื‘ืœื“ื™) ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื "ืœืขืœื ื•ืœืขืœืžื™ ืขืœืžื™ื", ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืžืŸ (ืฉืืžื™) ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื "ื™ืชื‘ืจืš", ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื“ "ื“ืืžื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœืžื". ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ืฉืื—ืจ "ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื" ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืขื•ื ื™ื "ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื". ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื“ "ื“ืืžื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœืžื" ืขื•ื ื” ืืžืŸ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืกื™ื™ื, ืœื ื™ืขื ื” ืขืœ "ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื". ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื "ืืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื" ื•ื›ื•', ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืืžืŸ" ืœ"ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื", ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืžืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•"ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื” ืจื‘ื" ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• (ืž"ื‘ ื ื•, ื‘).
^ 4.. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืง"ืฉ, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช 'ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ' ื•'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”', ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“, ื“ื™ื ืŸ ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ ืžื™ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืง"ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืžืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืืžืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ืง"ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืคืกืง (ืž"ื‘ ื ื˜, ื›ื“-ื›ื”, ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื•, ื›ื—).
^ 5.. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื . ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืฉืื ื”ื‘ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ื™"ื‘ ืฉืชืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื . ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืจื›ื‘, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ื— ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื– ื›ื’, ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืœื“, ื›, ื•ื‘ืคืก"ืช ืงืœื‘, ืœื’. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—. ื•ืž"ืž ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื ื—ืœืฉื• ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืข, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืชื™ื” ืื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืื• ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื‘ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืขื•ืจืจื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
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