ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
undefined
7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”

ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘?
ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื™ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ (ื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื–)
ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ (ื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื–)
ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ (ื ื•ืกื— ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—)







ืงืจื™ืืช ืื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื›ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
ืงื•ืจืื™ื 'ืื™ื›ื”' ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืŸ. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช 'ืื™ื›ื”', ืื ืื™ื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงืœืฃ ื›ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” - ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืงืœืฃ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื™ื›ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. 1

ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื’, ื•): "ื‘ึผึฐืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึทื›ึผึดื™ื ื”ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ื‘ึทื ึดื™". ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืื™ื›"ืจ ื, ื), ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช: ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื”? ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•. ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื‘, ื™): "ืฉืึถืžึถืฉื ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึตื—ึท ืงึธื“ึธืจื•ึผ".

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื”, ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื–ื•ืœืช ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื ื˜, ื’). ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื•ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืื™ื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.

ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื, ื‘): "ื‘ึผึธื›ื•ึน ืชึดื‘ึฐื›ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื”" (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืชืงื ื˜, ื-ื‘). ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ืงืจืื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงื ื˜, ื‘).

ืขื ื ื•, ื ื—ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ
ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช 'ืขื ื ื•' ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ (ื–, ื™). ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฉ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื•ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืžื ื—ื”.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืขื ื ื•' ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช 'ื ื—ื' ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ื•ืืฃ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”: "ืžื ื—ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืœื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ื™ื), ืื• "ืžื ื—ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" (ืœื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”). ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— 'ื ื—ื' ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ื›ืžื•: "ื”ืื‘ืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”... ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืžื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘. ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืจืืฉื” ื—ืคื•ื™ ื›ืืฉื” ืขืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืœื“ื”, ื•ื™ื‘ืœืขื•ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืฉื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื". ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืœื“ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™, ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœื™ืœืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืจื‘ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืžื”. 2

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื ืงืจื 'ืžื•ืขื“', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื, ื˜ื•): "ืงึธืจึธื ืขึธืœึทื™ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ืœึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืจ ื‘ึผึทื—ื•ึผืจึธื™" (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื ื˜, ื“). (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื–ื›ื™ื ื• - ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• - ื ืขืฉื” ืื‘ืœ).

ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื›ื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื, ื˜ื•): "ื•ึผื‘ึฐืคึธืจึดืฉื‚ึฐื›ึถื ื›ึผึทืคึผึตื™ื›ึถื ืึทืขึฐืœึดื™ื ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืžึดื›ึผึถื", ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื•, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื— ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื›ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื”. ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื (ืข' ื›ื”"ื— ืชืงื ื˜, ืœ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™, ื™ื–, ืœืขื™ืŸ ื–, ื™ื‘).

ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื‘ืœื ื—ื–ื ื•ืช (ืจืž"ื ืชืงื ื˜, ื).

ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช, ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ
ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื‘, ื™ื–): "ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื–ึธืžึธื ื‘ึผึดืฆึผึทืข ืึถืžึฐืจึธืชื•ึน". ื•ืคืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงืจืข ื”' ืืช ื’ืœื™ืžืชื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืฉืคืœื•ืชื ื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืจืž"ื ืชืงื ื˜, ื‘). ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื” (ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื˜).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช; ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ "ื‘ึผึดืฆึผึทืข ืึถืžึฐืจึธืชื•ึน" - ืงืจืข ื’ืœื™ืžืชื•, ื›ืš ืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืขื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื‘, ื): "ื”ึดืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืšึฐ ืžึดืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืึถืจึถืฅ ืชึผึดืคึฐืึถืจึถืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ", ืืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื›ืš ืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืขื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื›ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืชืขื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื ื—ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช ื ื—ืžื”. ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืชืงื ื”, ื), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืขื ื”ื˜ืœื™ืช-ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืขื˜ืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ื•ืงืจืื• ื‘ื”ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช. ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื”. 3

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™"
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื:
ื. ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื”,
ื‘. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื - ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืงืจื, ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. 4

ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืืžื™ืจืชื ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงื ื“, ื–; ื›ื”"ื— ื›). 5

ืื—ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™", ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืžื ืขืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื—ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. 6

ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“.


^ 1. ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื“, ื’, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ืื•"ื–, ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืชืงื ื˜, ื‘, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ืข"ืข ื‘ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืฆ, ื—, ื•ืž"ื‘ ืฉื, ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื, ื›ื˜, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™, ื™ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืจืค ื˜, ื“; ื˜, ื›ื“. ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™, ื“, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืจืค ื˜, ื’.
^ 2. ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช 'ื ื—ื', ื™ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”'ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”' (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืงื ื–), ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ื™ืืžืจ ื‘'ืืœืงื™ ื ืฆื•ืจ', ื•ืื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื ื—ื'.
ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื ื—ื' ืจืง ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื›ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื (ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ).
^ 3. ืœืจืื‘"ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ืœื•ืชื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื“ืขืช ืงืฆืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ). ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื ื”, ื, ืฉืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืช ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ื“ืงื“ืงื• ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืง"ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื  ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ ืžื”ืจ"ื ื’ืืœื ื˜ื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื‘ื"ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”, ื•ืจ"ื— ืคืœืื’'ื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื›"ื› ื”ื›ื ื”"ื’ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ืื–ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืชืงื ื”, ื“. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™, ื˜ื•, ื•ืœืจื‘ ืงืืจืค ื–, ืžื—. ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื , ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื™ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ืงืจื ื‘ื”ื ืง"ืฉ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื  ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ.
^ 4. ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื ื“, ื’, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืงื ื“, ื•. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืชืงื ื˜, ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช. ื•ืข' ืœืจื‘ ืงืืจืค ื–, ืžื“, ืฉืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืื•ืžืจื•. ืืžื ื ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืงื ื“, ื–, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืž"ืž ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืž"ื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื” ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื•ื–ื• ื“ืขืช ื”ื™"ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”. ื•ืข' ืคืก"ืช ืชืงื ื“, ื“, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื—, ื™ื˜.
^ 5. ื”ื˜"ื– ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื•ืื—ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืช"ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืงื ื“, ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ืชืงื ื“, ื”, ื•ืž"ื‘ ื–. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ืœื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื•, ื˜; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื—, ื™ื˜, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืขืจื”).
^ 6. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืชืจื™ื’, ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™" ื‘ื™ื•ื”"ื›, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืงื ื“, ืœื. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืฉื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ืจ"ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ืขืœ ืžื ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืจืš (ืžืขืฉื” ืจื‘ ื˜). ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉื›ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื (ื•ืข' ืค"ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, ื’), ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืžื•, ื™ื–. ื•ื‘ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘, ื—, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืจื›ื•. ื•ืข' ืœืจื‘ ืงืืจืค ื–, ืœื•. ื•ืข' ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™, ื™ื“, ื•ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืกืžื•ื›ื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื’ืจืข"ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืจืš.

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