ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืฆื” ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื—
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคืกื—
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื•
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12 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืงืœื™ืง - ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”!

ื - ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืœื’ื•ื™
ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืื‘ื“ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื—ืžืฅ, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืงื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžืื›ืœื ื›ืš ืฉืขื“ ื”ืคืกื— ื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื”.
ืื•ืœื ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืงืœืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื—. ื•ืื–ื™, ืื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ืื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื• ืžืชื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื—, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืืกืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืœื. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ืžืฅ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืขื“ ืื– ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื— ืขื ืžืœืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• ืœื’ื•ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžืžื•ื ื ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฆื•, ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฅ, ืงื ื” ืžืžื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืœื, ื•ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืืงื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืš ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— (ืขืค"ื™ ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘, ื–).

ื‘ - ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฃ (ื™ื™"ืฉ) ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื–ื ื™ื ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืชืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื™"ืฉ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื“ืžื™ ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ื™"ืฉ ื–ื”, ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืžืฅ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืชืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™"ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื—, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื— ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื ื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืจืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื–ื™ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ืฉืขื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”: 'ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื”' ื•'ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืฆื', ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ืžืฅ ื™ืžื›ืจ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืืœื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืืœื ื”ืขืจืžื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืก ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ื ืžืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•. 1
ืื•ืœื ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืฉืœื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ืขืจืžื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช (ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช). ืืœื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ืชืจืื” ื›ื”ืขืจืžื” ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื—ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืชื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืชืžื—, ื™ื–, ื™ื˜, ื•ื‘ืื•"ื”).
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื›ืจ ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื ื–ืงืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื—ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื’ืžืจ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™. ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—, ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜: ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืžืฅ, ื™ืฉืœื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•; ื•ืื ืจืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฉืœื ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ืชืžื•ืจืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื™ืžื—ืœ ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื—. ื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ ืžืก, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื ืขืกืงื™ื ืืœื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืก.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉืชืจืื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืชื™ืงื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืื• ื™ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืžื—, ื™ื‘). ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืข ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™, ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื•. 2

ื’ - ืœืžื™ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ
ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื—, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืื™, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—, ืฉืื ื™ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืœืื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื—, ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื’ื ืœืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ื’ืจื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืžืฅ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฆื ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื•.
ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฅ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ืจืฉืื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืฅ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืžื›ืจ, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื—ืžืฅ.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื”ืขืจืžื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ืงื— ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื—ืžืฆื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ืžืฅ. ืœื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื‘ื“ื ืžืคื ื™ ืกืคืง ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ืžืฅ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื–ื” ืžื”ืกืคืง. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืŸ ื—ืžืฅ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื, ื•ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช. 3
ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืžืฅ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืฉืœื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืžื•ืขื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืคืกื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ืžื” ืกืคืง, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื’ื ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš, ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ื•ืคืงืคื•ืง. 4
ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื›ื— ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืคืกื—, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-80 ืก"ืž) ืœื—ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื—ืžืฅ, ืื• ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• "ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ", ื•ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื˜ืขื” ืœืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคืกื— (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืชืž, ื‘).

ื“ - ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”
ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื”ืจืฉืื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืชื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ืืžื ื ื’ื ืื ืœื ืงืจื ื•ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื›ืฉืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื‘ืคืกื— ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• - ื™ืชืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืจื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืงืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ื™, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื—ืžืฆื•. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื—ืžืฆื•. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืจืฆื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื—ืžืฆื•. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• (ืž"ื‘ ืชืžื—, ื™ื‘).
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื“ืงื“ืงื• ื‘ื–ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืื™ื (ืขื™' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืžื—, ื’, 'ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜').
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžื•ื ื—. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ", ืื• "ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื– ืฉื™ืกื•ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš". ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœืกืžื ื•. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ืžืฅ ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘), ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขื•ืžื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืžืฅ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืชืจืื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ืฉื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืคืงืก ืื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื—ืชื•ื ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘, ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื. ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ. 5
ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืข ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืข ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ื›ื ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื•ืœื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืžืฅ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. 6

ื” - ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•"ืœ
ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืงื•ื“ื ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ืžืฅ, ืฉืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืืกืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื‘ื“ื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืชืชื‘ืฆืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ. ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื—ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ืžืฆื, ื•ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืกื—, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘-ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, ื—), ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™. ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื— ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืงืจ ืื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•.
ื•ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ
ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืขืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืคืงื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื™ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ืฉื.
ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืกืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื—, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืžืฅ ื—ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืžืงืฆืชื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืžืฆื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 7

ื• - ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ - ื“ื™ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—
ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—, ืชื•ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืœืื” ืื ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ. ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืชื ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืงื— ืžืžื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืื ื™ืจืฆื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืงืคื•ืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—.
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืคืกื— ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื–ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืคืกื— ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื™ืงืœ. ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืžื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื“ืช ื•ื›ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื›ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืคืกื—. ื•ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื• ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืคืกื—, ืœื“ืขืช ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“, ืžื”ืจ"ื ืฉื™ืง) ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื• ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ืคืกื— ืืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืฆืœื• ื—ืžืฅ. 8




^ 1.. ื‘ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืก' ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจืžื”. ื•ื”ื‘"ื—, ื"ืจ ื•ืžื—ื”"ืฉ ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืž"ื— ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื—ืง ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืจื‘ ืœื’ืจ"ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืชืžื™ื“, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ืจืข"ื. ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืคืชืจื• ื—ืœืง ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืชืงืคื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืกืžืœื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืžื—, ื’. ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืกื›ืžืช ืœื›ืš. ื•ืขื ื•, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆืœ ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืืฃ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืœื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืžื—, ื™ื˜, ื•ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืคืงืคื•ืง.
^ 2.. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื, ื•ืจืง ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื: ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืžื ื—; ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืื•"ื— ืกื‘ ื•ืงื™ื’; ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•"ื˜ ื›ื—; ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื—"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜', ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ืขื•ื“ ืขื™' ื‘ืก' ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืจื‘ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืชื”. ื•ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื‘, ืฆื, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืžื—, ื™ื‘. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื•. ืขื•ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื‘ื "ื– ืฉืžื”, ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืžื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•.
^ 3.. ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื’, 5, ืฉืœืขื "ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื” ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ. ื•ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื“, ื™ื, ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื›ืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”.
ื‘ืก' ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจื• ื—, ื™ื–; ื›ื‘, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืฉืื ื ืขืœืžื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ืื–ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ ืชืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื”ืขืจืžื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ (ืฉืœื ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™). ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืขืœื ืžืžื ื• ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื”.
^ 4.. ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืžืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืจืง ืกืคืง ื—ืžืฅ ื™ืžื›ืจื• (ื”ืœื—"ื‘ ื™, 14; ืก' ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจื• ื—, ื˜; ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ืกืค"ื› ื™ื, ื˜ื–; ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคืก"ืช ืชืžื—, ื™). ืืžื ื ืžื“ื™ื ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืขืจืžื”, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืจืฆื” - ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœื•. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืจืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจ ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื"ื› ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ.
^ 5.. ืขื™' ื‘ืกืค"ื› ื™ื, ื–-ื™. ืžื™ ืฉื ืื ืก ื•ืœื ืžื›ืจ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• (ืกื“ืค"ื› ื™ื, ื™ื; ืคืก"ืช ืชืžื—, ื›ื).
ืขื™' ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืคืกื— ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื• ื™ื, ื–-ื— ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ื™ื‘, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ ืืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื—ืœื”. ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืš ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื”ืขืจืžื”, ื•ืจืง ืื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื™ื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคืก"ืช ืชืžื—, ื•.
^ 6.. ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืœื, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื ืงื ื• ืžื’ื•ื™, ื•ื›"ื› ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืงื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค. (ืืžื ื ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื—, ื ื‘, ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื”). ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืชืžื•, ืงื•ื "ื ื' (ืœืขื™ืœ ื“, 5). ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื. ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื–ื™ืช (ืž"ื ืชืžื‘, ื™ื‘), ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื— ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ, ืื• ืœืคื•ื’ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืื›ืœ ื›ืœื‘, ื•ืื–ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจื•. ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืง"ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœื™ื.
^ 7.. ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•"ื˜ ืœื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื›"ื› ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืžื ืœื”, ืืจืฅ ืฆื‘ื™ ื, ืคื’, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื“, ืฆื“-ืฆื”. ื”ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื™ืคืงื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืžืฆื•, ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืกืค"ื› ื™ื, ื™ื“.
ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•"ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื’ื ืื ืœื ื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืค"ื› ื™ื, 35, ืฉืžืกืชืžื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคืกื— ื, ืขื•, ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืืฃ ืื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช (ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, ื—), ื•ื‘ืกืคืง ื‘ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืคืกื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืœ.
^ 8.. ืขื™' ื‘ืกืค"ื› ื™ื, ื™ื’, ื›ื’; ื•ืขื™' ืคืก"ืช ืชืžื—, ื›. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 1 ืฉื ื ืžื ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืžื ืข ืžืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ. ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 2 ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื•ื‘. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคืก"ืช ืชืžื—, ื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืข' 46, ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉืจื”.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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