ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
  • ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื—, ื”ืจืื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื™ื“ - ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ื”ืจื•ืื” ืคืจื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื•, ืžื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืฉืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื•. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ืขืช ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืจืื” ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ - ืจืฉืื™. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—, ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ื‘ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื”, ื’, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ).
ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืื˜ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื”ืฉืคืข ืฉื‘ืจื ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ืขืชื™ื“ ืื“ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืืชื” ืขื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืื›ืœ". ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉ"ื›). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืžื›ืกืคื• ื•ืงื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ืขืžื• ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื• ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืก' ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืž"ื‘ ืจื›ื”, ื™ื˜).
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” 'ื”ืขืฅ' ืื• 'ื”ืื“ืžื”'. ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืคืจื™ (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื•ื—ื™ื“"ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' (ืž"ื‘ ืจื›ื”, ื™ื). ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื•ืกืจ, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืžืจ ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื”, ื–). ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืฉืœืชื (ืž"ื‘ ืจื›ื”, ื™ื‘).
ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื›ืœ ืžื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืขืช ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืจื›ื”, ื™ื’). ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ื™ื‘ืจืš. 1

ื˜ื• - ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืœื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืื›ืœื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื”, ื•). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืฆืœื™ื, ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืกืœืง, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืจื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš: ื) ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื ื•ืช. ื‘) ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืžื•ืช. ื’) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืง ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืื’ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ.
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ: ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืขื•ื ืชื• ื•ื™ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืœื™ื‘ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื’ื ืฉืžื™ืจืชื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืงืฆืช ืืช ื˜ืขืžื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ 'ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”' ืข' ืฆ"ื”. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ืœื“).
ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ: ืืคืจืกืง ื•ืฉืกืง, ื’ื•ื“ื’ื“ืŸ, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ, ืžืฉืžืฉ, ืขื ื‘ื™ ืžืื›ืœ, ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ืžืœื•ืŸ. ืื—"ื› ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื: ืฉื–ื™ืฃ, ืชืื ื”, ืชื•ืช ืขืฅ, ืœื™ืฆ'ื™, ืฆื‘ืจ, ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื•, ืชืžืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืžื ื’ื•, ืืคืจืกืžื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ื™ืื‘ื”. ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื: ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ืช, ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื”, ืงืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงืจืžื‘ื•ืœื”, ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืคื•ืžืœื”, ืงื™ื•ื•ื™. ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื, ืคื’'ื•ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื“ื”.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื‘ืื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืื–ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'.

ื˜ื– - ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื (ืฉื›ื ื”"ื’ ื•ื‘ืจื›"ื™), ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช (ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื”, ื“).
ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœืืช ืื‘ืงื ื™ื, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืŸ ืžื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ื‘ืžืจืื”, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื˜ืขื, ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”, ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื›ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืืฃ ืื ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื. 2

ื™ื– - ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื” (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื, ืก). ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืžืžื ื• ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื” ื•ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืชื 'ื”ืขืฅ', ื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' (ืฉืืœืช ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื, ืก).
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ื ื“ืข ืฉื”ืคืจื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืคื•ืžืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืžืœื” ื•ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขืฅ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืจื‘ ื•ืื–ื ืจ ืืกื•ืจ). ื•ืขื•ื“, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”. 3


^ 1. ืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืคืจื™ ื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืกืœื˜ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืื›ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ืฉื“ื™ืŸ 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืขืฅ', ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืขืฅ', ื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'.
ืขืœ ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื›ืœ'. ื•ืจืง ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจื™, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื ืœื ืื›ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ืชื• ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ืจื›ื”, ื˜ื•).
^ 2. ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืŸ ื•ื–ืŸ, ืฉื›"ื› ืชื”"ื“, ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื”, ื“, ืž"ื, ื”ื’ืจ"ื–, ื"ืจ. ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื›"ืฆ, ื”ืœืง"ื˜, ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ื‘ืจื›"ื™, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืจื›ื”, ื™ื—, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืŸ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืจื›"ื™, ื‘ื"ื— ืจืื” ื™ื’, ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืข' ืชืžื–.
ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื–ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื: ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืชืžืจื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื (ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื) ื•ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” (ื›ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื›ื™ื). ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืžื™ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžื–ืŸ ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื˜ืขืžื ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืžืชื•ืง, ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ืœื’, ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื. ืง"ื• ืขืœ ื–ืŸ ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืข' 162, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'.
ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืฉื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื ืคื˜ืจื” ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื™ ืื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืคืง ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืื ื›ืฉืื›ืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'.
^ 3. ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ื’, ื›ื”), ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืื’"ืž (ืื•"ื— ื‘, ื ื—). ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืจืš, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ืื•"ื— ื”, ื™ื˜, ื•. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืœืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื ืœืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืฅ ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื’ืกื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื”. ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื, ื”ืืคืจืกืงื™ื, ื”ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืงื“ื™ื, ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืคืจืกืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื•ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืืกืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื—. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื•.

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